Akademik

es·top·pel /e-'stä-pəl/ n [probably from Middle French estoupail plug, stopper, from estouper to stop up see estop]

1: a bar to the use of contradictory words or acts in asserting a claim or right against another; esp: equitable estoppel in this entry compare waiver

equitable estoppel: an estoppel that prevents a person from adopting a new position that contradicts a previous position maintained by words, silence, or actions when allowing the new position to be adopted would unfairly harm another person who has relied on the previous position to his or her loss – called also estoppel in pais;

◇ Traditionally equitable estoppel required that the original position was a misrepresentation which was being denied in the new position. Some jurisdictions retain the requirement of misrepresentation.

estoppel by deed: an estoppel precluding a person from denying the truth of any matter that he or she asserted in a deed esp. regarding his or her title to the property compare after-acquired title at title

estoppel by silence: an estoppel preventing a person from making an assertion to another's disadvantage when the person previously had the opportunity and duty to speak but failed to do so

estoppel in pais: equitable estoppel in this entry

file wrap·per estoppel: an estoppel in patent law barring an applicant who has acquiesced in the rejection of a broad claim in the application for a patent from later asserting that a claim deliberately more restricted is equivalent to the original claim – called also prosecution history estoppel;

promissory estoppel: an estoppel that prevents a promisor from denying the existence of a promise when the promisee reasonably and foreseeably relies on the promise and to his or her loss acts or fails to act and suffers an injustice that can only be avoided by enforcement of the promise

prosecution his·to·ry estoppel: file wrapper estoppel in this entry

quasi estoppel: an equitable estoppel that does not require misrepresentation by one party nor reliance or ignorance by the other party

2 a: a bar to the relitigation of issues

collateral estoppel: estoppel by judgment barring the relitigation of issues litigated by the same parties on a different cause of action; broadly: estoppel by judgment barring the relitigation of issues litigated by the same parties on a different or the same cause of action

direct estoppel: estoppel by judgment barring the relitigation of issues litigated by the same parties on the same cause of action

estoppel by judgment: a bar to the relitigation in a second action of issues already determined in a previous action; esp: collateral estoppel in this entry – called also estoppel by verdict, issue preclusion; see also former adjudication compare merger 4, res judicata

b: the affirmative defense of estoppel

by estoppel: arising from the operation of estoppel

an entrapment by estoppel