Akademik

Изоляция инфекционных больных
противоэпидемическое мероприятие, направленное на разобщение с окружающими людьми больных инфекционными болезнями, а также лиц, подозрительных на эти болезни или имевших контакт с больными, для предупреждения дальнейшего распространения инфекции.
Больные изолируются на весь период заразности; при подозрении на инфекционную болезнь — в зависимости от уточненного диагноза; общавшиеся с больным — на срок, равный максимальной продолжительности инкубационного периода. Применяются следующие формы разобщения: госпитализация, изоляция на дому, помещение в изолятор, обсервация. При одних инфекционных болезнях госпитализация является обязательной, при других — проводится по эпидемиологическим и клиническим показаниям (табл.).
Направление на госпитализацию оформляется врачами поликлиники или службы скорой помощи. В направлении указываются сведения об общении с инфекционными больными, о выезде в страны, где регистрируется подозреваемая инфекционная болезнь, у детей — данные о плановых прививках. Госпитализация осуществляется специальным транспортом, по экстренным показаниям — службой скорой помощи. После транспортировки больного автомашина подвергается санобработке.
Больные карантинными болезнями (Карантинные болезни) госпитализируются в специально оборудованные стационары. Изоляции в индивидуальных боксах подлежат больные преимущественно капельными инфекционными болезнями при неуточненном диагнозе (например, подозрение на корь, краснуху), при смешанной инфекции, наличии контакта с больным другой инфекционной болезнью (больной вирусным гепатитом имел контакт с больным ветряной оспой), а также при отсутствии соответствующего профильного отделения. В остальных случаях госпитализация осуществляется в профилированные по нозологическому принципу отделения (например, отделения для больных гепатитом, дизентерией, гриппом). Устройство и режим инфекционного отделения (больницы) должны обеспечивать предупреждение внутрибольничной инфекции (Внутрибольничные инфекции), заражения персонала, а также распространения возбудителя инфекции за пределы стационара. Во избежание внутрибольничной инфекции в рамках отделения организуются диагностические палаты, изоляторы. Больные инфекционной болезнью, вызванной разными серотипами (подтипами) возбудителя (например, при вирусном гепатите, дизентерии), помещаются в разные палаты. С целью профилактики реинфекции применяют принцип одномоментного заполнения палат (например, при скарлатине).
Сроки выписки из стационара помимо клинических показаний определяются продолжительностью заразного периода при данной инфекционной болезни или устанавливаются на основании бактериологических исследований фекалий, мочи, желчи, мазков из зева, мокроты (см. табл.).
При изоляции на дому больному следует выделить отдельную комнату или часть комнаты, отделенную ширмой, посуду и другие бытовые принадлежности, проводить текущую дезинфекцию, проветривать помещения. Лица, осуществляющие уход за больным, информируются о необходимых мерах профилактики возможного заражения (ношение марлевой маски, мытье рук после контакта с больным и его выделениями и т.д.).
Помещение в изолятор является временной мерой разобщения больного до госпитализации или изоляции на дому, применяется в коллективах (например, в детских учреждениях), а также в поликлиниках. Для изоляторов используют специально оборудованные или приспособленные помещения.
Лица, имевшие контакт с больными карантинными болезнями, подлежат обсервации (Обсервация). При других инфекционных болезнях контактировавшие с больным работники, связанные с производством, хранением и реализацией пищевых продуктов, а также работники детских учреждений и некоторых коммунальных служб (водоснабжение, парикмахерские и т.п.) отстраняются от работы, детям запрещается посещать детские учреждения; с целью ранней диагностики проводятся бактериологическое, серологическое и другие исследования, устанавливается медицинское наблюдение, включающее выяснение жалоб, осмотр, термометрию.
Лица, перенесшие некоторые инфекционные болезни (брюшной тиф, дизентерию, вирусные гепатиты, бруцеллез и др.), также находятся под медицинским наблюдением для выявления возможных рецидивов, хронического течения болезни, хронического носительства возбудителей болезни. См. также Карантин.
Таблица.
Показания к госпитализации, сроки изоляции, медицинское наблюдение и другие меры в отношении больных, носителей возбудителей инфекций и лиц, общавшихся с ними
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Название болезни (набранное     | Показания к госпитализации и выписке, сроки изоляции больного или носителя возбудителей инфекции               | Медицинское наблюдение и другие меры в отношении лиц,   | Медицинское наблюдение и другие меры в отношении лиц,            |
| курсивом публикуется                |                                                                                                                                                                             | перенесших инфекционную болезнь                                      | общавшихся с больным до его изоляции                                         |
| самостоятельными статьями)     |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              |                                                                                                       |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Бешенство                                  | Госпитализация обязательна                                                                                                                                | Исход заболевания летальный                                              | Проводят антирабические прививки: лицам, общавшимся с            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | больным животным, послужившим для них источником инфекции;  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | лицам, общавшимся с больным человеком в период клинических   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | проявлений болезни (при ослюнении); персоналу, проводившему    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | вскрытие трупа, умершего от бешенства (в случае повреждения    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | кожи)                                                                                              |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ботулизм                                    | Больные не опасны для окружающих. Госпитализация обязательна                                                                      | Не проводят                                                                          | Изоляции не подлежат. Лицам, употреблявшим наряду с больным  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | подозрительный продукт, проводят промывание желудка через      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | зонд теплым 2% раствором гидрокарбоната натрия, вводят            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | внутримышечно противоботулиновую сыворотку (1000—2000 ME   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | каждого типа), устанавливают за ними медицинское наблюдение   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | в течение 10—12 дней                                                                    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Бруцеллез (Бруцеллёз)               | Больные не опасны для окружающих. Госпитализацию проводят по клиническим показаниям                              | Переболевшие находятся под диспансерным наблюдением  | Изоляции не подлежат. Лицам, которые вместе с заболевшим        |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | не менее 2 лет                                                                      | человеком имели контакт с больным животным (охота, забой и       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | т.д.) или инфицированными продуктами, проводят лабораторные   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | исследование крови (реакция Райта, Хаддлсона), пробу Бюрне и   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | др.                                                                                                 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Брюшной (Брюшной тиф) тиф и  | Госпитализация обязательна. Выписка производится после клинического выздоровления (но не ранее 21-го         | После выписки реконвалесценты подлежат медицинскому    | В очаге за лицами, общавшимися с больными в течение 21 дня     |
| Паратифы (А и В)                       | дня нормальной температуры при лечении антибиотиками и 14-го дня, если антибиотики не применялись) и         | наблюдению с термометрией 1 раз в неделю в течение        | (при брюшном тифе) и 14 дней (при паратифе) с момента               |
|                                                   | трехкратного бактериологического исследования кала и мочи с отрицательным результатом. Исследования        | первого месяца и 1 раз в 2 недели в течение второго            | изоляции больного, устанавливается медицинское наблюдение с   |
|                                                   | проводятся с пятидневными интервалами спустя 5 дней после установления нормальной температуры.              | месяца. По истечении 3 месяцев проводится                        | ежедневной термометрией; при лихорадке свыше 3 дней               |
|                                                   | Обнаружение у больного при контрольно-выписном обследовании возбудителей брюшного тифа или паратифа   | бактериологическое исследование фекалий, мочи и желчи.   | проводится бактериологическое исследование крови. У лиц,          |
|                                                   | не является противопоказанием к выписке из стационара                                                                                     | Выделение бактерий в срок свыше 3 месяцев после             | общавшихся с больными по месту жительства и работы, проводят |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | выздоровления расценивается как хроническое                    | однократное бактериологическое исследование фекалий и             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | бактерионосительство. Реконвалесцентов, если они             | исследование сыворотки крови (РИГА с цистеином). В случае        |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | являются работниками пищевых и приравненных к ним         | положительного результата этой реакции или бактериологического |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | предприятий, берут на постоянный учет в СЭС и не              | исследования проводят пятикратное бактериологическое               |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | допускают к основной работе в течение 1 месяца,                | исследование мочи и фекалий, однократное — желчи. При            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | трудоустраивают на такую работу, где они не будут             | положительном результате бактериологического исследования      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | представлять эпидемической опасности. К концу                  | целесообразна (для работающих на пищевых объектах                  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | указанного срока у них пятикратно исследуются фекалии.    | обязательна) госпитализация для установления характера             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | Если через 1 месяц после выздоровления они выделяют      | носительства. В случае выявления бактерионосителей среди лиц,  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | бактерии брюшного тифа или паратифа, их переводят на      | работающих на пищевых и приравненных к ним предприятиях,      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | работу, не связанную с пищевыми продуктами, питьевой     | они не допускаются к работе и подвергаются                                 |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | водой и непосредственным обслуживанием людей. По         | бактериологическому обследованию. Проводят пятикратное           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | истечении 3 месяцев после выздоровления таких лиц           | бактериологическое исследование фекалий и мочи, однократное   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | подвергают бактериологическому обследованию. У них        | — желчи и сыворотки крови (РПГА с цистеином). При                     |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | пятикратно исследуют фекалии и мочу с интервалом 1—2    | отрицательных результатах бактериологических анализов и           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | дня, однократно — желчь. При отрицательном результате    | положительном результате серологического исследования             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | обследования эти лица допускаются к работе, но на             | проводят повторное бактериологическое обследование фекалий,   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | протяжении 2 лет они подлежат ежеквартальному                 | мочи и желчи. Если в стационаре установлен транзиторный           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | бактериологическому обследованию (фекалии и моча           | характер носительства (отсутствие повторных высевов),                |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | однократно). К концу 2-го года после перенесенного             | работники пищевых и приравненных к ним предприятий                 |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | заболевания у таких лиц исследуют кровь (РПГА с               | допускаются к работе. Впоследствии на протяжении 2 лет такие    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | цистеином). В случае положительного результата                 | лица подлежат ежеквартальному обследованию с                          |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | иммунологического обследования проводят пятикратное      | бактериологическим анализом мочи и кала. Лица, у которых были  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | исследование фекалий и мочи, а при отрицательных            | повторно выделены возбудители брюшного тифа и паратифа из     |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | результатах исследования фекалий и мочи — однократное  | испражнений или хотя бы однократно из желчи и мочи, относятся  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | исследование желчи. Лица с отрицательными                       | к числу хронических бактерионосителей. При установлении           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | серологическими и бактериологическими анализами с учета | хронического характера носительстства, а также в случае отказа   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | не снимаются, на протяжении всей трудовой деятельности  | от стационарного обследования работники пищевых и                    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | у них ежегодно двукратно исследуются фекалии и моча.      | приравненных к ним предприятий к работе не допускаются, а        |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | При отрицательном результате обследования эти лица         | хронические бактерионосители должны изменить профессию. В    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | допускаются к работе, но на протяжении последующих 2     | случае выявления носительства бактерий брюшного тифа или       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | месяцев обследуются ежемесячно (фекалии и моча). К        | паратифа у детей, посещающих общеобразовательные школы и    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | концу 3-го месяца исследуется однократно желчь. В случае | школы-интернаты, их не изолируют из коллектива, но не                 |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | отсутствия повторных высевов эти лица обследуются в       | допускают к дежурствам, связанным с приготовлением,                |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | течение 2 лет ежеквартально (фекалии и моча однократно)   | транспортировкой и раздачей пищевых продуктов и воды. При       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | и далее по схеме, описанной выше. Если при любом из        | обнаружении бактерионосительства у детей дошкольного              |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | обследований, проведенных по истечении 3 месяцев после  | возраста их не допускают в детские сады (ясли) и направляют в   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | выздоровления, у таких лиц хотя бы однократно была           | стационар для обследования и лечения. Если                                |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | выделена культура бактерий брюшного тифа или паратифа, | бактерионосительство продолжается, то решение о допуске           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | они считаются хроническими носителями, отстраняются от  | ребенка в детское учреждение принимается эпидемиологом в       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | работы и должны изменить профессию                                 | зависимости от конкретных условий. Если хроническое                  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | бактерионосительство обнаружено у одного из членов семьи         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | работников пищевых предприятий или лиц, к ним приравненных,    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | последние не отстраняются от основной работы и не подлежат      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | специальному обследованию. Все мероприятия в отношении этих  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | лиц проводят на общих основаниях (см. выше о хроническом         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | носительстве)                                                                                 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ветряная оспа                            | Больных изолируют на дому. Госпитализация по клиническим показаниям. Изоляция выздоравливающих            | Не проводят                                                                          | Дети до 7 лет, не болевшие ранее ветряной оспой, разобщаются с |
|                                                   | прекращается не ранее чем через 5 дней с момента последнего высыпания. При появлении повторных               |                                                                                              | больным на 21 день с начала общения независимо от того,            |
|                                                   | заболеваний в детском учреждении заболевший допускается в данное детское учреждение после                      |                                                                                              | изолирован он или нет. При точном установлении времени             |
|                                                   | исчезновения острых явлений болезни                                                                                                                 |                                                                                              | контакта разобщение проводится с 1-го по 21-й день                      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | предполагаемого инкубационного периода. При появлении             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | повторных заболеваний в детском учреждении разобщение не       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | применяется, в том числе по отношению к детям, не перенесшим  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | болезни                                                                                          |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ВИЧ-инфекция                            | Госпитализация по клиническим показаниям. Изоляция не проводится                                                                  | Больные и лица с положительным результатом                     | Разобщение не проводится. Общавшихся с больным обследуют    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | серологических исследований на вирус иммунодефицита     | методом иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА). При положительном |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | человека (ВИЧ) подлежат диспансерному наблюдению, а     | результате через 6 месяцев осуществляют повторное                    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | вирусоносителей обследуют на ВИЧ методом                       | обследование. При отрицательном результате медицинское           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА) 2 раза в год                   | наблюдение прекращается                                                             |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Возвратный тиф вшиный             | Госпитализация обязательна. Выписка проводится не ранее 15-го дня со времени окончания последнего             | Переболевшие находятся под медицинским наблюдением в | Лица, соприкасавшиеся с больным и его вещами, подлежат           |
|                                                   | приступа лихорадки                                                                                                                                              | течение 1 месяца                                                                  | санитарной обработке с дезинфекцией вещей и медицинскому       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | наблюдению, включая термометрию, в течение 25 дней                 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Гепатит вирусный А (см.             | Госпитализация обязательна. Выписка осуществляется по клиническим показаниям                                            | Диспансерное обследование переболевших проводится не   | За лицами, общавшимися с заболевшим гепатитом А,                    |
| Гепатиты вирусные)                    |                                                                                                                                                                             | позднее чем через 1 месяц после выписки врачом того же    | устанавливается медицинское наблюдение (не реже 1 раза в         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | стационара (если больной был выписан со значительно        | неделю термометрия, опрос, контроль за цветом мочи и кожи,       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | повышенными показателями активности аминотрансфераз,  | определение размеров печени, селезенки и т.п.) в течение 35         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | обследование проводится через 10—14 дней после              | дней. Дети, посещающие детские дошкольные учреждения,          |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | выписки). При отсутствии клинических признаков                  | осматриваются ежедневно, а школы — еженедельно. При              |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | заболевания и нормализации биохимических показателей     | появлении повторных заболеваний срок наблюдения                      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | взрослые реконвалесценты могут быть сняты с учета. При   | увеличивается и ведется с момента изоляции последнего              |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | наличии остаточных явлений взрослые направляются в        | заболевшего. Лабораторные обследования лиц, общавшихся с       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | кабинет инфекционных заболеваний, где проводится            | больными, проводится по назначению врача-педиатра или             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | повторная диспансеризация не реже 1 раза в месяц и           | эпидемиолога при наличии показаний. В случае выявления            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | снимается с учета через 3 месяца после исчезновения         | гепатита А в дошкольном детском учреждении перевод детей из   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | жалоб, нормализации размеров печени и функциональных    | этого учреждения в другие, а также в другую группу внутри          |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | проб. Дети с измененными клинико-биохимическими             | данного учреждения запрещается в течение 35 дней со дня           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | показателями наблюдаются в стационаре 1 раз в месяц.      | изоляции последнего заболевшего. Прием новых детей в эти         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | Дети, у которых клинико-лабораторные показатели при         | учреждения допускается по разрешению эпидемиолога при           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | первом обследовании нормальны, далее обследуются          | условии предварительного введения иммуноглобулина ребенку,    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | через 3 и 6 месяцев. После выписки из стационара               | ранее достоверно не болевшему гепатитом А. Дети, посещающие  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | реконвалесценты освобождаются от работы на 2 недели.     | детские коллективы (в т.ч. школы, летние оздоровительные           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | При затянувшейся реконвалесценции сроки                          | учреждения), имевшие в семье контакт с больным вирусным         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | нетрудоспособности увеличиваются. Все реконвалесценты  | гепатитом А, могут быть допущены в коллективы с разрешения     |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | в течение 3—6 месяцев нуждаются в освобождении от         | эпидемиолога в случае ранее перенесенного гепатита А, при         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | тяжелой физической работы, командировок, от работы,        | условии своевременного введения нормального                             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | связанной с гепатотоксическими веществами, а учащиеся   | иммуноглобулина, установления за такими детьми регулярного      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | — от занятий спортом (по заключению ВКК). В течение 6      | медицинского наблюдения в течение 35 дней. При возникновении  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | месяцев перенесшим гепатит А противопоказаны                  | в детской больнице или санатории случаев вирусного гепатита А,  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | профилактические прививки, кроме противостолбнячного     | прекращается перевод детей из палаты в палату и в другие           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | анатоксина и антирабической вакцины                                  | отделения. Вновь поступающих детей рекомендуется размещать  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | в отдельных палатах. В течение 2 месяцев со дня изоляции           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | последнего больного в группе дошкольного детского учреждения   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | и классе школы не должны проводиться плановые                         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | профилактические прививки. Вопрос о целесообразности               |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | проведения экстренной иммуноглобулинопрофилактики решает     |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | врач-эпидемиолог по согласованию с медицинской службой           |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | учреждений. О лицах, контактировавших с больным гепатитом А   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | по месту жительства, ставится в известность медицинский            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | персонал детских учреждений и здравпунктов. О контактных         |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | лицах, связанных с приготовлением и реализацией пищевых          |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | продуктов, сообщается руководителю соответствующего              |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | учреждения и ведомственной санитарно-эпидемической службе    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                              | для усиления контроля                                                                   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Гепатит вирусный В (см.             | Госпитализация обязательна. Выписка проводится по клиническим показаниям. О выписке реконвалесцентов,    | Диспансерное обследование переболевших проводится        | В семьях больных хроническим вирусным гепатитом В и               |
| Гепатиты вирусные)                    | у которых HBs-антиген продолжает длительно обнаруживаться, необходимо сообщить в поликлинику и СЭС       | врачом стационара не позже чем через месяц после             | носителей HBs-антигена проводится текущая дезинфекция            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | выписки. Дальнейшее наблюдение при нормализации           | (предметы, которые могут быть загрязнены кровью или                  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | клинико-лабораторных показателей осуществляет врач         | содержащими кровь выделениями). Больному и носителю             |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | поликлиники через 3, 6, 9, 12 месяцев. Реконвалесценты, у  | выделяются строго индивидуальные предметы личной гигиены      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | которых отсутствуют клинические проявления хронического | (бритвенные приборы, зубные щетки, полотенца, мочалки и др.),    |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | гепатита, но имеется стойкая HBs-антигенемия,                    | постельное белье. Члены семьи больных и носителей HBs-            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | госпитализируются для уточнения характера поражения       | антигена должны знать и выполнять правила личной                      |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | печени. В дальнейшем они подлежат наблюдению и             | профилактики. Рекомендуется использовать механические            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | лабораторному обследованию по клиническим и                   | контрацептивные средства. За членами семей больных гепатитом  |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | эпидемиологическим показаниям. Переболевшие, у которых | В и носителей HBs-антигена необходимо организовать                   |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | выявлены какие-либо отклонения в периоде                          | динамическое наблюдение.                                                            |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | реконвалесценции, продолжают наблюдаться лечащими       |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | врачами стационара. Снятие с учета производится при         |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | отсутствии хронического гепатита и двукратном                   |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | отрицательном результате исследований на HBs-антиген,     |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | проведенных с интервалом 10 дней. В течение 6 месяцев     |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | перенесшим вирусный гепатит В противопоказаны                |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | профилактические прививки, кроме противостолбнячной и    |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | антирабической вакцин. Реконвалесценты могут                   |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | возвращаться к производственной деятельности, учебным   |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | занятиям не ранее чем через один месяц, если клинико-       |                                                                                                       |
|                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                             | биохимические показатели являются удовлетворительными |                                                                                                        |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Вирусный гепатит ни А, ни В с    | Мероприятия те же, что и при вирусном гепатите В                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| парентеральным механизмом     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| передачи                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Вирусный гепатит ни А, ни В с    | Мероприятия те же, что и при вирусном гепатите А                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| фекально-оральным                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| механизмом передачи                |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Грипп                                          | Изоляции на дому (госпитализация по        | Не проводят                                                                                     | В семьях больных контактным лицам рекомендуется применение интерферона и ремантадина                                                     |
|                                                   | клиническим показаниям)                           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Дизентерия и острые кишечные  | Госпитализация проводится по                   | Работники пищевых предприятий и лица, к ним приравненные,         | Медицинское наблюдение за лицами, общавшимися с больными острой дизентерией и острыми кишечными заболеваниями        |
| заболевания неустановленной    | клиническим и эпидемиологическим           | перенесшие острую дизентерию или острое кишечное заболевание  | неустановленной этиологии в детских дошкольных учреждениях, больницах, санаториях школах-интернатах, летних                   |
| этиологии                                   | показаниям. Клинические показания: все   | неустановленной этиологии, подлежат диспансерному                     | оздоровительных учреждениях, на объектах, связанных с производством, хранением и реализацией пищевых продуктов,           |
|                                                   | тяжелые и среднетяжелые формы у           | наблюдению в течение 1 месяца с двукратным                                 | проводится медицинскими работниками указанных учреждений и территориальных лечебно-профилактических учреждений.       |
|                                                   | детей до года с отягощенным,                   | бактериологическим исследованием фекалий, проведенным в          | Медицинскому наблюдению в квартирных очагах подлежат работники пищевых учреждений и к ним приравненные, дети,            |
|                                                   | преморбидным фоном; заболевание у        | конце наблюдения с интервалом 2—3 дня. Дети, посещающие         | посещающие детские дошкольные учреждения, летние оздоровительные коллективы. Медицинское наблюдение                         |
|                                                   | резко ослабленных больных и                    | дошкольные учреждения и школы-интернаты, подлежат                    | осуществляется по месту работы (учебы) общавшихся. Длительность медицинского наблюдения при дизентерии и остром          |
|                                                   | отягощенных сопутствующими                  | клиническому наблюдению в течение месяца после выздоровления  | кишечном заболевании неустановленной этиологии составляет 7 дней: осуществляется ежедневный опрос, осмотр,                   |
|                                                   | заболеваниями; затяжные и хронические   | с ежедневным осмотром стула. Бактериологическое обследование  | наблюдение за характером стула, термометрия. В очагах дизентерии и острых кишечных заболеваний неустановленной             |
|                                                   | формы дизентерии (при обострении).         | назначается по показаниям (неустойчивый стул в период лечения,   | этиологии детям раннего возраста, недоношенным, с гипотрофией, рахитом, анемией и др. рекомендуется применение              |
|                                                   | Эпидемиологические показания —             | выделение возбудителя после окончания курса лечения, снижение  | биологических препаратов (бифидумбактерина) и продуктов детского питания, обогащенных бифидумбактерином (бифидин).      |
|                                                   | невозможность соблюдения                       | массы тела и др.). Сроки и кратность обследования те же. Лица,      | Детям более старшего возраста и взрослым, работающим на эпидемиологически значимых объектах, с целью повышения          |
|                                                   | необходимого противоэпидемического       | переболевшие хронической дизентерией, подлежат диспансерному  | неспецифической резистентности организма, предупреждения дисбактериоза рекомендуется использовать препараты и             |
|                                                   | режима по месту жительства больного.      | наблюдению в течение 6 месяцев с момента установления              | пищевые продукты со специальной комплексной культурой ацидофильной палочки (ацидофильное молоко, ацилакт,                    |
|                                                   | Работники пищевых предприятий и лица,   | диагноза с ежемесячным бактериологическим обследованием.         | биофруктолакт и др.). В квартирных очагах однократному бактериологическому обследованию подлежат работники пищевых      |
|                                                   | к ним приравненные, госпитализируются    | Остальным переболевшим острым кишечным заболеванием             | предприятий и лица, к ним приравненные, дети, посещающие дошкольные учреждения, школы-интернаты, летние                       |
|                                                   | во всех случаях, когда требуется              | необходимость диспансерного наблюдения определяет врач            | оздоровительные учреждения, а также дети до 2 лет, не посещающие ясли. От работы и посещения коллективов                        |
|                                                   | уточнение диагноза. Работники пищевых   | стационара или поликлиники. Приведенные сроки наблюдения          | вышеуказанные лица не отстраняются. Бактериологическое обследование в коллективах проводится при регистрации                 |
|                                                   | предприятий и лица. к ним приравненные,  | следует считать ориентировочными; в каждом отдельном случае     | одномоментных заболеваний взрослых и детей, первого случая дизентерии или острого кишечного заболевания                          |
|                                                   | дети, посещающие детские дошкольные    | они должны устанавливаться индивидуально, Так,                           | неустановленной этиологии в детских яслях, ясельных группах, эпидемически значимых объектах. В остальных случаях            |
|                                                   | учреждения, школы-интернаты, летние       | неудовлетворительные санитарно-гигиенические бытовые условия,  | объем и кратность обследования определяются эпидемиологом                                                                                                   |
|                                                   | оздоровительные учреждения, подлежат   | наличие в семье или в квартире повторных заболеваний и больных  |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | однократному бактериологическому           | хронической дизентерией должны служить основанием для              |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | обследованию через 1—2 дня после          | увеличения срока наблюдения. По окончании установленного           |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | окончания лечения в стационаре или на     | срока наблюдения, при условии выполнения всех                             |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дому. Остальные категории больных          | предусмотренных исследований, полного клинического                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | выписываются после клинического            | выздоровления и эпидемиологического благополучия в окружении   |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | выздоровления. Необходимость их            | наблюдаемый снимается с учета врачом-инфекционистом               |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | бактериологического обследования перед  | поликлиники или участковым врачом                                                |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | выпиской определяется врачом-                |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | инфекционистом. Работники пищевых        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | предприятий и лица, к ним приравненные,  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дети. посещающие детские дошкольные    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | учреждения, школы-интернаты, летние       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | оздоровительные учреждения,                   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | допускаются к работе и посещению этих   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | учреждений после выписки из стационара  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | или лечения на дому на основании             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | справки о выздоровлении и при наличии    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | отрицательного результата                        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | бактериологического анализа.                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | Дополнительного бактериологического       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | обследования не проводится. Дети в         |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | школах-интернатах и летних                       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | оздоровительных учреждениях в течение  |                                                                                                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | месяца после перенесенного заболевания  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | не допускаются к дежурству на                 |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | пищеблоке. Если у таких лиц                     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | обнаруживают возбудителя дизентерии     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | более 3 месяцев от начала заболевания,    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | им ставят диагноз хронической формы      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дизентерии и решением ВКК переводят     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | на работу, не связанную с продуктами       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | питания. Дети, перенесшие обострение      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | хронической дизентерии, допускаются в    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | детский коллектив при нормальном стуле  |                                                                                                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | в течение 5 дней, хорошем общем             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | состоянии и нормальной температуре        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Дифтерия                                   | Больные дифтерией или с подозрением     | Наблюдение за переболевшими, не выделяющими токсигенные        | Общавшимся с больным или носителем токсигенных коринебактерий дифтерии по месту жительства, учебы, работы, в               |
|                                                   | на нее подлежат немедленной                   | коринебактерии, не проводится                                                         | детском учреждении проводят однократное бактериологическое обследование (мазок из зева и носа), начиная с лиц,                  |
|                                                   | госпитализации. В очаге дифтерийной       |                                                                                                         | непосредственно имевших контакт с больным (группа, класс, группа продленного дня, комната общежития), и лиц с ЛОР-           |
|                                                   | инфекции бальные ангиной или крупом      |                                                                                                         | патологией, выявленных во всем коллективе (детские учреждения, школы, этаж или корпус общежития). В течение недели         |
|                                                   | рассматриваются как подозрительные на   |                                                                                                         | следует закончить однократное обследование всего коллектива.                                                                                                  |
|                                                   | дифтерию. Носители токсигенных              |                                                                                                         | В коллективе (детском учреждении, школе, ПТУ и др.) после изоляции заболевшего и течение 7 дней проводят ежедневную        |
|                                                   | коринебактерий дифтерии                          |                                                                                                         | термометрию и врачебный осмотр. В сельском населенном пункте при регистрации повторного заболевания дифтерией              |
|                                                   | госпитализируются. При поступлении в      |                                                                                                         | назначают ежедневные повторные обходы силами средних медработников под руководством врача для выявления всех            |
|                                                   | отделение до начала антибиотикотерапии  |                                                                                                         | температурящих больных и их госпитализации.                                                                                                                             |
|                                                   | дважды проводят бактериологическое       |                                                                                                         | За коллективом, в котором находится носитель токсигенных коринебактерий, наблюдение эпидемиолога и педиатра                    |
|                                                   | исследование мазка из зева с                    |                                                                                                         | (терапевта) продолжается до прекращения носительства. При этом один раз в две недели проводят бактериологическое            |
|                                                   | интервалом в один день, выявляют и         |                                                                                                         | обследование носителя и лиц, общавшихся с ним (детей и взрослых), периодические медицинские осмотры, в коллектив вновь  |
|                                                   | лечат хронические заболевания ЛОР-        |                                                                                                         | принимают только иммунных лиц. В детских коллективах (школы-интернаты, детские дома с численностью не более 300             |
|                                                   | органов. Изоляцию прекращают после       |                                                                                                         | человек), где против дифтерии привиты все дети и подростки, при одномоментном выявлении 10—15% и более носителей          |
|                                                   | двукратного бактериологического               |                                                                                                         | токсигенных дифтерийных бактерий санация может проводиться (по усмотрению эпидемиолога) на месте без госпитализации.    |
|                                                   | исследования мазка из зева с                    |                                                                                                         | При этом осуществляются ежедневное врачебное наблюдение, в том числе врачом-оториноларингологом, термометрия;            |
|                                                   | отрицательным результатом,                     |                                                                                                         | лечение лиц с хронической патологией ЛОР-органов; госпитализация всех лиц с острыми воспалительными явлениями в             |
|                                                   | осуществляемого с интервалом в 1—2       |                                                                                                         | носоглотке; бактериологическое обследование детей (1 раз в 2 недели) и персонала (каждую неделю)                                         |
|                                                   | дня не ранее чем через 3 дня после           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | отмены антибиотиков. Вопрос о допуске в  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | коллектив взрослых или детей и                 |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | подростков с затяжным выделением          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | токсигенных коринебакислотерий               |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дифтерии, продолжающимся несмотря на  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | проведение 2 курсов лечения, решается    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | комиссией с участием эпидемиолога,        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | педиатра (терапевта) и врача-                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | оториноларинголога. Носители                   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | нетоксигенных коринебактерий дифтерии   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | не подлежат госпитализации и лечению     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | антибиотиками                                           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Желтая лихорадка (Жёлтая         | Госпитализация по клиническим                 | Не проводят                                                                                     | Не проводят                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| лихорадка)                                  | показаниям                                                |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Коклюш                                      | Госпитализация по клиническим                 | Не проводятся                                                                                  | Дети до 7 лет, ранее не болевшие, разобщаются на 14 дней от момента последнего контакта с больным. Дети 7 лет и старше,    |
|                                                   | показаниям. Изоляции на 25 дней от          |                                                                                                         | а также взрослые, обслуживающие детские учреждения, подлежат медицинскому наблюдению в течение 14 дней. Для               |
|                                                   | начала заболевания подлежат: 1) все         |                                                                                                         | вышеперечисленных лиц, общавшихся с больным в течение всего периода заболевания, срок разобщения (наблюдения)             |
|                                                   | больные коклюшем (дети и взрослые),       |                                                                                                         | составляет 25 дней от начала кашля у последнего больного в эпидемическом очаге. У общавшихся с больным детей до 7 лет и  |
|                                                   | выявленные в яслях, ясельных группах     |                                                                                                         | взрослых, работающих в детских дошкольных, медицинских и летних оздоровительных учреждениях, проводят двукратное        |
|                                                   | яслей-садов, домах ребенка, родильных    |                                                                                                         | бактериологическое исследование отделяемого зева                                                                                                                    |
|                                                   | домах, детских отделениях больниц,         |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | детских санаториях и в летних                   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | оздоровительных детских учреждениях.    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | Бактерионосителей из этих коллективов     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | изолируют до получения двух                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | отрицательных результатов                       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | бактериологического исследования,           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | проведенного 2 дня подряд или с               |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | интервалом 1—2 дня; 2) первый больной    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | коклюшем (ребенок или взрослый) в           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | школах, школах-интернатах, детских          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | домах и садах, а также в дошкольных       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | группах яслей-садов. При                          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | распространении инфекции (2 или более    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | случаев) изоляцию проводят по                 |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | клиническим показаниям. Вопрос о            |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | допуске переболевшего на работу или в     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | детский коллектив решает участковый       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | врач                                                           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Коли-инфекция                           | Мероприятия те же, что и при дизентерии                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Корь                                           | Больные изолируются на дому.                  | Не проводят                                                                                     | Не болевших корью и не подвергшихся активной иммунизации детей, посещающих дошкольные детские учреждения и первые   |
|                                                   | Госпитализация по клиническим                 |                                                                                                         | 2 класса школ, разобщают на 17 дней, а получивших нормальный иммуноглобулин — на 21 день с момента контакта с                |
|                                                   | показаниям. Изоляция прекращается         |                                                                                                         | больным. Детей, не вакцинированных и не болевших корью, срочно прививают коревой вакциной, а при наличии                          |
|                                                   | через 5 дней (а при наличии осложнений,   |                                                                                                         | противопоказаний вводят гамма-глобулин При точно установленном времени контакта разобщение производят с 8-го дня            |
|                                                   | например пневмонии, через 10 дней) от     |                                                                                                         | контакта. За контактными детьми дошкольного возраста, не подлежащими разобщению, устанавливается медицинское              |
|                                                   | момента появления сыпи                           |                                                                                                         | наблюдение в течение 17 дней от первого дня контакта                                                                                                                |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Краснуха                                    | Госпитализация по клиническим                 | Не проводят                                                                                     | Дети, общавшиеся с больным, разобщению не подлежат. В детских учреждениях на 21 день запрещаются прием новых детей   |
|                                                   | показаниям. Изоляция больного                 |                                                                                                         | и перевод в другие группы                                                                                                                                                            |
|                                                   | прекращается через 5 дней от момента     |                                                                                                         | В случае контакта беременной с больным краснухой необходимо проведение срочного серологического обследования:               |
|                                                   | появления сыпи. При наличии повторных   |                                                                                                         | однократного (в первые дни после начала контакта) для обнаружения специфических lgM-антител или двукратного (в первые      |
|                                                   | заболеваний в детском учреждении           |                                                                                                         | дни и через 2 недели) для выявления увеличения титра антител к вирусу краснухи. При обнаружении lgM-антител (в 4 и более    |
|                                                   | заболевший допускается в данное             |                                                                                                         | раз) ставят диагноз бессимптомной формы краснухи; при отсутствии этих признаков женщина считается незараженной. При      |
|                                                   | детское учреждение после исчезновения   |                                                                                                         | сроке беременности 1—12 недель и установленном диагнозе бессимптомной формы краснухи необходимо прерывание              |
|                                                   | острых явлений болезни                             |                                                                                                         | беременности во избежание тератогенных эффектов                                                                                                                    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ку-лихорадка                              | Госпитализация по клиническим                 | Не проводят                                                                                     | Серологическому обследованию и термометрии подлежат члены семьи заболевшего и ближайшие соседи, если                          |
|                                                   | показаниям. Больных с поражением           |                                                                                                         | предполагается, что заражение произошло по месту жительства, При установленном заражении на производстве                        |
|                                                   | легких изолируют в отдельные палаты       |                                                                                                         | серологическому обследованию подвергаются лица, перенесшие в течение последних 3 месяцев лихорадочное заболевание, и  |
|                                                   | или боксы                                                  |                                                                                                         | здоровые, работающие совместно с заболевшим                                                                                                                          |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Малярия                                     | Больных изолируют на дому (в условиях,  | Диспансерное наблюдение в течение 2 лет. При появлении               | На территориях, где имеется опасность распространения малярии, в случае выявления больного или паразитоносителя              |
|                                                   | недоступных для укуса комара) или в        | лихорадочных приступов на протяжении этого периода проводится  | обследуют членов его семьи и ближайших родственников                                                                                                             |
|                                                   | стационаре (по клиническим показаниям).  | срочное исследование крови на малярию методом толстой капли и  |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | Выписка производится с учетом                | тонкого мазка                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | состояния здоровья, но не ранее чем         |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | через 1—2 дня после исчезновения из       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | крови плазмодиев                                      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Мелиоидоз                                  | Госпитализация обязательна до                 | Не проводят                                                                                     | Медицинское наблюдение в течение 15 дней                                                                                                                                 |
|                                                   | клинического выздоровления.                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | Выписывают не ранее чем через 15 дней   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | после прекращения лечения и                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | двукратного с отрицательным                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | результатом анализа мокроты и слизи из   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | носоглотки                                                 |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Менингококковая инфекция         | Больные с генерализованной формой        | Реконвалесценты менингококковой инфекции допускаются в            | В детских учреждениях запрещается прием новых и временно отсутствовавших детей, а также перевод детей и персонала из    |
|                                                   | менингококковой инфекции (или при           | детские учреждения, школы, школы-интернаты, санатории и             | одной группы (класса) в другую сроком на 10 дней с момента изоляции последнего больного; все лица, общавшиеся с больным  |
|                                                   | подозрении на нее) немедленно                 | учебные заведения после одного отрицательного результата            | в коллективе, семье (квартире), подвергаются медицинскому осмотру (в коллективах обязательно с участием                             |
|                                                   | госпитализируются в                                  | бактериологические исследования мазка из носоглотки,                   | оториноларинголога). При наличии патологических изменений в носоглотке больные изолируются от коллектива, а контактные в  |
|                                                   | специализированные отделения, а при их   | проводимого не ранее чем через 5 дней после выписки из                | семье (квартире) не допускаются в детские коллективы и школы до установления диагноза, В очаге в течение 10 дней               |
|                                                   | отсутствии — в боксы или полубоксы.        | стационара или выздоровления больного назофарингитом на дому.  | проводится клиническое наблюдение с осмотром носоглотки, кожи и ежедневной термометрией. Общавшиеся с больным дети,  |
|                                                   | Больные с бактериологически                    | Все больные, перенесшие менингит, находятся под наблюдением    | посещающие детские дошкольные учреждения, и лица, работающие в этих учреждениях, допускаются в коллектив только         |
|                                                   | подтвержденным диагнозом                       | районного невропатолога и участкового врача не менее 2 лет, при    | после медицинского осмотра и однократного бактериологического исследования мазка из носоглотки с отрицательным               |
|                                                   | менингококкового назофарингита,              | благоприятном исходе обследование проводится в течение              | результатом. Детям в возрасте до 1 года, общавшимся с больным с генерализованной формой менингококковой инфекции, в     |
|                                                   | выявленные в очагах инфекции,                 | первого года 1 раз в 3 месяца, второго года — 1 раз в 6 месяцев.    | целях профилактики вводят нормальный иммуноглобулин (внутримышечно однократно не позднее 7-го дня после регистрации    |
|                                                   | помещаются в инфекционные больницы     | Различные профилактические прививки реконвалесцентам,              | первого случая заболевания) в дозе 1,5 мл, а в возрасте от 2 до 7 лет включительно — 3 мл. Производится                                |
|                                                   | или специально развернутые стационары.  | перенесшим генерализованную форму менингококковой инфекции,  | бактериологическое исследование мазка из носоглотки: в детских учреждениях — детей, бывших в контакте с больными, и        |
|                                                   | Они могут быть изолированы на дому,       | показаны не ранее чем через 6 месяцев после выздоровления,        | обслуживающего персонала; в школах — учащихся и преподавателей класса, где зарегистрирован больной; в школах-               |
|                                                   | если в семье или квартире нет детей         | переболевшим менинкококковым назофарингитом — через 2            | интернатах — учащихся, общавшихся с больными в классе и в спальной комнате, а также преподавателей и воспитателей         |
|                                                   | дошкольного возраста и лиц, работающих  | месяца, носителям — через 1 месяц после санации                          | данного класса; в семьях, квартирах — всех лиц, контактировавших с больным; в вузах, средних учебных заведениях, ПТУ       |
|                                                   | в детских дошкольных учреждениях.         |                                                                                                         | при возникновении случая заболевания на первом курсе — преподавателей и студентов всего курса, на старших курсах —        |
|                                                   | Выписка из стационара производится        |                                                                                                         | только общавшихся с больным в учебной группе и комнате общежития; в других организованных коллективах — лиц,                 |
|                                                   | после полного клинического                       |                                                                                                         | проживающих в общежитии. В детских дошкольных учреждениях бактериологическое обследование общавшихся с больным      |
|                                                   | выздоровления без бактериологического    |                                                                                                         | проводится не менее двух раз с интервалом в 3—7 дней, в остальных коллективах — однократно.                                              |
|                                                   | обследования на носительство                  |                                                                                                         | В помещениях детских и дошкольных учреждений осуществляют ежедневную влажную уборку. Максимально разуплотняются   |
|                                                   | менингококков. Носители менингококков,   |                                                                                                         | спальни, помещения проветриваются, облучаются ультрафиолетовыми и бактерицидными лампами.                                           |
|                                                   | выявленные при бактериологическом         |                                                                                                         | В эпидемическом очаге с целью предотвращения вторичных заболеваний в первые 5 дней после выявления первого случая       |
|                                                   | обследовании в детских коллективах,        |                                                                                                         | заболевания генерализованной менингококковой инфекцией проводится экстренная профилактика менингококковой вакциной в   |
|                                                   | изолируются из коллектива на срок            |                                                                                                         | отношении лиц, общавшихся с больным в детском учреждении классе школы, семье, квартире, спальном помещении                 |
|                                                   | проведения санации. От коллектива           |                                                                                                         | общежития; лиц, вновь поступающих в коллектив (вакцина вводится им за неделю до поступления); учащихся первого курса      |
|                                                   | взрослых, в том числе в учебных               |                                                                                                         | средних и высших учебных заведений при возникновении заболеваний генерализованной формой менингококковой инфекции     |
|                                                   | заведениях, носители не изолируются.      |                                                                                                         | на первом курсе или на старших курсах; учащихся старших курсов, общавшихся с больным в группе или комнате общежития;    |
|                                                   | Носители менингококков, выявленные в     |                                                                                                         | проживающих в сельской местности детей, школьников, учащихся ПТУ, а также всех лиц, находившихся в общении с больным  |
|                                                   | семейных очагах, в детские учреждения    |                                                                                                         | в населенном пункте, в котором в течение последних 3 лет не регистрировались заболевания генерализованной формой             |
|                                                   | не допускаются. При обнаружении             |                                                                                                         | менингококковой инфекции.                                                                                                                                                           |
|                                                   | носителя менингококков среди больных     |                                                                                                         | В иммунизированных коллективах карантин не устанавливается, бактериологическое обследование, гамма-                                |
|                                                   | соматических стационаров его следует      |                                                                                                         | глобулинопрофилактика у контактных детей старше 1 года не проводятся                                                                                    |
|                                                   | изолировать в бокс или полубокс; вопрос   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | о санации решается в зависимости от        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | основного заболевания, при отсутствии     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | возможности изоляции обязательно           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | проводится курс санации.                          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | Больные острым назофарингитом без        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | бактериологического подтверждения          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | диагноза, выявленные в очаге                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | менингококковой инфекции, изолируются   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | на время лечения из детских дошкольных  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | коллективов до исчезновения                     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | катаральных явлений. Обнаруженные в      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | очагах носители менингококка                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | санируются на дому или в специально       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | развернутых для этих целей отделениях    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | ампициллином или левомицетином. Для     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | санации носителей в закрытых                   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | коллективах взрослых рекомендуется        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | рифампицин. Через 3 дня после                 |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | окончания курса санации носители             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | подвергаются однократному                      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | бактериологическому обследованию и       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | при отрицательном результате                   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | допускаются в коллективы. При                 |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | длительности носительства свыше 1          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | месяца и отсутствии воспалительных        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | изменений в носоглотке носитель               |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | допускается в коллектив                            |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Паротит эпидемический              | Больные подлежат изоляции на дому.        | Не проводят                                                                                     | Дети до 10 лет, соприкасавшиеся с больным и не болевшие эпидемическим паротитом, подлежат разобщению на 21 день от      |
|                                                   | Госпитализация по клиническим                 |                                                                                                         | начала контакта с больным. При точном установлении времени контакта дети, неболевшие паротитом, допускаются в детские    |
|                                                   | показаниям. Изоляция больного                 |                                                                                                         | учреждения в первые 10 дней предполагаемой инкубации, с 11-го по 21-й день инкубации они подлежат разобщению. При           |
|                                                   | прекращается через 9 дней от начала        |                                                                                                         | появлении повторных заболеваний в детском учреждении разобщение не применяется, в том числе по отношению к детям, не    |
|                                                   | заболевания при условии исчезновения     |                                                                                                         | перенесшим болезни                                                                                                                                                                     |
|                                                   | острых клинических явлений. При              |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | появлении повторных заболеваний в          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | детском учреждении заболевший               |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | допускается в учреждение после               |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | исчезновения острых явлений болезни       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Полиомиелит                              | Госпитализация обязательна. Изоляция      | Не проводят                                                                                     | Лица, имевшие тесный контакт с больными острым полиомиелитом, дети в возрасте до 15 лет и взрослые, работающие в           |
|                                                   | больных с паралитическими формами        |                                                                                                         | детских учреждениях, продовольственных магазинах, на пищевых предприятиях, а также в системе водоснабжения, подлежат  |
|                                                   | прекращается после исчезновения             |                                                                                                         | немедленной однократной иммунизации живой полиомиелитной вакциной. При выявлении больного полиомиелитом в детском     |
|                                                   | острых клинических проявлений, но не       |                                                                                                         | учреждении, школе прививки делают только в группе (классе), где был больной. При обнаружении больного в палате                  |
|                                                   | ранее чем через 40 дней. Больных с          |                                                                                                         | стационара однократную иммунизацию проводят только больным и персоналу этой палаты; в тех случаях, когда иммунизация    |
|                                                   | легкими паралитическими формами при     |                                                                                                         | противопоказана, накладывается карантин на 20 дней                                                                                                                   |
|                                                   | хорошем восстановлении изолируют на     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | 21 день                                                      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сальмонеллез (Сальмонеллёз)    | Госпитализация больных (а в отдельных    | Лица, не выделяющие сальмонеллы с фекалиями после выписки     | Работники пищевых предприятий и приравненные к ним лица, общавшиеся с больным, подвергаются обследованию. В случае   |
|                                                   | случаях бактерионосителей) проводится    | из больницы, допускаются к работе. Реконвалесценты —                 | выделения сальмонелл мероприятия проводятся так же, как в отношении носителей, выявленных при плановом обследовании.   |
|                                                   | по клиническим и эпидемиологическим      | работники пищевых и приравненных к ним предприятий и                 | При установлении диагноза транзиторного носительства (с учетом отрицательных результатов лабораторного и клинического     |
|                                                   | показаниям. Вопрос об оставлении            | учреждений, продолжающие выделять сальмонеллы после              | обследования) такие лица допускаются к работе. В случае возникновения групповых заболеваний прием новых детей в это        |
|                                                   | больного на дому решается участковым    | выписки из больницы, не допускаются к основной работе в течение  | учреждение до купирования вспышки прекращается. При подозрении на внутрибольничное заражение с целью своевременного  |
|                                                   | врачом и согласовывается с врачом-         | 15 дней и трудоустраиваются на такую работу, где они не будут      | выявления бессимптомных носителей необходимо провести бактериологическое обследование детей, персонала и матерей,       |
|                                                   | эпидемиологом. Обязательной                   | представлять эпидемической опасности. В этот период                   | ухаживающих за детьми (кратность обследования определяется эпидемиологом), При организации работы детского отделения  |
|                                                   | госпитализации подлежат работники          | проводится трехкратное бактериологическое исследование              | необходимо максимально ограничить перемещение детей из палаты в палату, а также по возможности сократить число детей,   |
|                                                   | пищевых предприятий и лица, к ним           | фекалий. При повторном положительном результате обследование  | находящихся в одной палате. Следует соблюдать одномоментность заполнения палат. Персонал, обслуживающий больных       |
|                                                   | приравненные, дети из дошкольных           | повторяется в течение еще 15 дней и т.д. При установлении            | детей, должен быть закреплен за соответствующими отделениями (постами, палатами, боксами). В отделениях следует             |
|                                                   | детских учреждений. В случае                   | бактерионосительства в течение более 3 месяцев эти лица как         | поддерживать строгий санитарно-гигиенический и противоэпидемический режим                                                                          |
|                                                   | возникновения внутрибольничного             | хронические носители сальмонелл отстраняются от работы по         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | заражения сальмонеллезом больные дети  | специальности на срок не менее одного года. По истечении этого    |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | (и матери) переводятся в инфекционную    | срока у них проводится трехкратное исследование фекалий с          |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | больницу, при групповых заболеваниях      | интервалом 1—2 дня и однократное — желчи. При получении           |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | возможна временная организация              | отрицательных результатов эти лица допускаются к основной          |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | специального отделения на месте с           | работе. При получении хотя бы одного положительного результата   |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | привлечением для обслуживания больных  | они рассматриваются как хронические бактерионосители и              |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | врача-инфекциониста. Выписка из             | отстраняются от работы по специальности навсегда. Они должны    |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | больницы работников пищевых                  | стоять на учете в СЭС по месту жительства. Дети, выделяющие      |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | предприятий и лиц, к ним приравненных,    | сальмонеллы, после выписки из больницы домой не допускаются в  |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | производится после полного клинического  | ясли в течение 15 дней (проводится трехкратное исследование       |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | выздоровления и трехкратного                   | фекалий с интервалом 1—2 дня). В случае выделения возбудителя  |                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|                                                   | бактериологического исследования            | в этот период срок наблюдения продлевается еще на 15 дней и       |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | фекалий, проводимого не ранее чем          | т.д. Дети — хронические бактерионосители в детские ясли не          |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | через 2 дня после окончания                      | принимаются. Дети — бактерионосители антибиотикоустойчивого    |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | антибактериальной терапии с интервалом  | штамма сальмонеллы Salmonella typhimurium — не допускаются в   |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | в 1 день. Выявленные бактерионосители    | детские сады. Дети, посещающие общеобразовательные школы, в  |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | среди работников пищевых предприятий    | т. ч. школы-интернаты, в случае установления                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | и приравненных к ним лиц, а также            | бактерионосительства после выписки из больницы допускаются в    |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | работников детских учреждений                | коллективы, но им запрещается дежурство в столовой                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | подлежат дополнительному                       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | обследованию для выяснения характера    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | бактерионосительства (острое,                  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | хроническое, транзиторное). В течение 2   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | недель проводят 5 бактериологических      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | исследований фекалий, 2 серологических  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | исследования (реакции гемагглютинации)   |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | и 1 бактериологическое исследование        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дуоденального содержимого. Диагноз        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | «транзиторное носительство»                    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | устанавливают при отрицательном             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | результате лабораторного исследования    |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | и с учетом данных клинического                |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | обследования; лица с таким диагнозом      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | допускаются к работе без                          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дополнительных обследований                  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сап                                             | Больных сапом или при подозрении на       | Не проводят                                                                                     | Разобщение не применяется. За лицами, общавшимися с больным человеком или животным в очаге сапа, устанавливается        |
|                                                   | заболевание изолируют на все время         |                                                                                                         | медицинское наблюдение на 15 дней. Общавшимся с больным животным проводится экстренная профилактика                          |
|                                                   | болезни в бокс. Реконвалесцентов             |                                                                                                         | сульфатиазолом (0,1 г/кг в сутки в течение 5 дней)                                                                                                                       |
|                                                   | выписывают после исчезновения               |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | клинических симптомов заболевания и       |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | заживления поражений кожи                      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сибирская язва                           | Больных госпитализируют. Для ухода за    | Не проводят                                                                                     | Разобщение не применяется. За лицами, соприкасавшимися с больным человеком или инфицированным материалом,                |
|                                                   | больными с легочной, кишечной и              |                                                                                                         | устанавливается медицинское наблюдение в течение 8. дней. В очаге проводят дезинфекцию (Дезинфекция) помещений,          |
|                                                   | септической формами сибирской язвы       |                                                                                                         | оборудования и инвентаря и санитарную обработку лиц, соприкасавшихся с заразным материалом. Лицам, общавшимся с          |
|                                                   | выделяют отдельный медицинский            |                                                                                                         | больным животным или инфицированным материалом, вводят противосибиреязвенный гамма-глобулин или антибиотики. Их не   |
|                                                   | персонал. Реконвалесцентов при кожной    |                                                                                                         | применяют, если прошло более 5 суток после употребления инфицированного мяса или после возможного инфицирования кожи  |
|                                                   | форме изолируют до момента отпадения   |                                                                                                         | в результате контакта с больным животным                                                                                                                                  |
|                                                   | струпьев, эпителизации и рубцевания        |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | язв; при септической форме — до             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | клинического выздоровления                     |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Скарлатина                                 | Обязательной госпитализации подлежат    | Посещение детьми-реконвалесцентами дошкольных детских            | Общавшиеся с больным и не болевшие скарлатиной дети, посещающие дошкольные детские учреждения и первые два класса  |
|                                                   | больные с тяжелой и среднетяжелой          | учреждений и первых двух классов школ допускается после            | школы, не допускаются в эти учреждения в течение 7 дней с момента изоляции больного. За детьми, переболевшими                |
|                                                   | формами болезни. а также при наличии в   | дополнительной изоляции на дому в течение 12 дней после              | скарлатиной, а также за школьниками старших классов и взрослыми, работающими в дошкольных детских учреждениях,            |
|                                                   | семье детей в возрасте от 3 месяцев до    | клинического выздоровления. Реконвалесценты из закрытых            | первых двух классах школ, хирургических и родильных отделениях, детских больницах и поликлиниках, молочных кухнях,         |
|                                                   | 7 лет и школьников первых двух классов.  | детских учреждений (дома ребенка, детские дома, санатории,         | устанавливается медицинское наблюдение на 7 дней после изоляции больного. В случае общения с больным в течение всего    |
|                                                   | не болевших скарлатиной, взрослых,         | школы-интернаты) после выписки из стационара подлежат                | периода болезни дети, не болевшие скарлатиной, посещающие дошкольные детские учреждения и первые два класса школ, не  |
|                                                   | работающих в дошкольных детских           | дополнительной изоляции на 12 дней в том же детском                    | допускаются в указанные учреждения в течение 17 дней от начала контакта с заболевшим. Дети, переболевшие скарлатиной,    |
|                                                   | учреждениях, первых двух классах школ,  | учреждении (при наличии в нем условий для изоляции). Взрослые    | и взрослые, работающие в учреждениях, перечисленных выше, и проживающие в одной семье с заболевшим, допускаются в     |
|                                                   | хирургических и родильных отделениях,    | реконвалесценты, работающие в учреждениях, перечисленных        | детские учреждения и на работу. За ними устанавливается ежедневное медицинское наблюдение в течение 17 дней от начала  |
|                                                   | детских больницах и поликлиниках, на       | выше, с момента клинического выздоровления переводятся на        | контакта с заболевшим. Больные ангиной (дети и взрослые), выявленные в очаге скарлатины в течение 7 дней после                  |
|                                                   | молочных кухнях (при невозможности        | другую работу (где они с эпидемиологической точки зрения не         | регистрации последнего случая заболевания, не допускаются в перечисленные выше учреждения в течение 22 дней (со дня      |
|                                                   | изоляции их от заболевшего). Изоляция      | опасны) на срок 12 дней                                                                   | заболевания (также, как и больные скарлатиной)                                                                                                                           |
|                                                   | больного (в больнице или на дому)             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | прекращается после клинического             |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | выздоровления, но не ранее чем через 10  |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | дней от начала заболевания.                      |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сыпной тиф эпидемический        | Больных госпитализируют. Лихорадящие   | Находятся под наблюдением врача-инфекциониста (терапевта,        | Разобщение лиц, общавшихся с больным, прекращается после санитарной обработки, дезинсекции белья, одежды,                    |
|                                                   | больные с подозрением на сыпной тиф      | педиатра) до истечения месяца со дня установления нормальной    | постельных принадлежностей и жилища больного. Лица, общавшиеся с больным как в период инкубации, так и в период             |
|                                                   | (грипп, пневмония, энцефалиты и др.) в     | температуры                                                                                     | клинических проявлений болезни, подвергаются наблюдению в течение 25 дней с ежедневной термометрией, считая с               |
|                                                   | случае продолжения лихорадки более 5     |                                                                                                         | момента проведения санитарной обработки. У лиц, общавшихся с больным во время инкубационного периода (исключая             |
|                                                   | дней подлежат двукратному (первое          |                                                                                                         | последний день инкубации), выясняют (путем опроса, проверки по медицинским документам и постановки серологических         |
|                                                   | исследование с 6-го дня болезни,              |                                                                                                         | реакций), не перенес ли кто-либо из них за последние 3 месяца сыпной тиф. Общавшихся с больным обязательно осматривают  |
|                                                   | интервал 3—5 дней) серологическому        |                                                                                                         | на педикулез до санитарной обработки. При выявлении педикулеза серологическому обследованию подвергаются все лица,       |
|                                                   | обследованию. Переболевших сыпным      |                                                                                                         | контактировавшие с больным. При отсутствии педикулеза лабораторному обследованию подлежат лица, перенесшие острые      |
|                                                   | тифом выписывают из стационара не         |                                                                                                         | лихорадочные заболевания в течение 3 месяцев до выявления очага                                                                                            |
|                                                   | ранее 12-го дня после установления          |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | нормальной температуры                           |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Туляремия                                  | Госпитализация и выписка по                     | Не проводят                                                                                     | Не проводят                                                                                                                                                                                  |
|                                                   | клиническим показаниям                            |                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Холера                                       | Больные, а также подозреваемые на          | Лиц, перенесших холеру, допускают к работе (учебе) сразу после    | В изолятор помещаются на 5 дней лица, имевшие контакт с больным холерой (вибриононосителем) в бытовых условиях: члены  |
|                                                   | заболевание и вибриононосители               | выписки из стационара. Их ставят на учет в СЭС и кабинете            | семьи больного, а также проживающие в одной коммунальной квартире, пользующиеся общим туалетом, кухней и имеющие      |
|                                                   | госпитализируются в специальный             | инфекционных заболеваний в поликлинике. Диспансерное                | другие формы непосредственного постоянного контакта, а также лица из числа контактировавших, подвергавшихся                    |
|                                                   | госпиталь (отделение инфекционной          | наблюдение осуществляется кабинетом инфекционных                    | одинаковому с больным (вибриононосителем) риску заражения. Показания к изоляции контактировавших определяются              |
|                                                   | больницы). Выписка больных холерой        | заболеваний, а при его отсутствии терапевтом (педиатром) в           | эпидемиологом с учетом степени контакта с больным (вибриононосителем), уровня санитарного благоустройства мест общего   |
|                                                   | (вибриононосителей) проводится после их  | течение 3 месяцев. В первый месяц проводят бактериологическое   | пользования, особенностей профессиональной деятельности и связанной с этим степени их эпидемиологической опасности. В  |
|                                                   | выздоровления, завершения курса             | исследование желчи (однократно), 1 раз в 10 дней — фекалий, а в   | условиях сельской местности (частные домовладения) допускается оставление на дому одного из трудоспособных членов        |
|                                                   | антибиотикотерапии и получения                | дальнейшем фекалии исследуют 1 раз в месяц до окончания           | семьи, подлежащих изоляции, для ведения домашнего хозяйства. За контактировавшими, которые не помещены в изолятор,      |
|                                                   | отрицательных результатов трехкратного   | диспансерного наблюдения. Перед первым исследованием              | устанавливают медицинское наблюдение по месту жительства в течение 5 суток, проводят трехкратное (на протяжении             |
|                                                   | исследования фекалий, а лиц,                   | фекалий принимают слабительное. В случае выявления                   | первых суток наблюдения) бактериологическое исследование фекалий и химиопрофилактику. За лицами, общавшимися с          |
|                                                   | работающих на пищевых предприятиях, и  | вибриононосительства у реконвалесцентов, они                               | больным (вибриононосителем) в условиях производства, учебы и т.п. устанавливается медицинское наблюдение в течение 5     |
|                                                   | к ним приравненных — кроме того, после   | госпитализируются для лечения, после чего диспансерное               | дней, по эпидемиологическим показаниям осуществляют однократное бактериологическое исследование фекалий. Этим лицам  |
|                                                   | однократного исследования желчи             | наблюдение возобновляется. Снятие с учета производится              | разрешается продолжать работу. В эпидемическом очаге проводятся подворные обходы с целью выявления, провизорной         |
|                                                   | (порции В и С); исследования начинаются  | комиссией после полного выздоровления и отрицательных               | госпитализации и обследования лиц с дисфункциями кишечного тракта                                                                                        |
|                                                   | через 24—36 часов после окончания          | результатов бактериологического исследования. В нее входят         |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                                                   | антибиотикотерапии                                   | главврач поликлиники, инфекционист и эпидемиолог                        |                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Чума                                          | Больные подлежат обязательной           | Диспансерное                   | Изоляции в специальные изоляторы подлежат лица, общавшиеся с больными чумой, соприкасавшиеся с трупами, зараженными вещами, участвовавшие в вынужденном       |
|                                                   | госпитализации в специально                | наблюдение за                  | забое больного животного и т.д. При легочной форме чумы проводится индивидуальная изоляция контактировавших лиц. Изоляция прекращается через 6 дней после            |
|                                                   | развернутые госпитали                          | переболевшими                 | разобщения с больным при нормальной температуре тела (при обязательной термометрии 2 раза в день). Всем контактировавшим проводят курс химиопрофилактики           |
|                                                   |                                                              | проводится в течение 3     | стрептомицином (по 0,5 г внутримышечно 2 раза в сутки). В зависимости от эпидемиологических особенностей заболевания определяют зону, в которой осуществляют         |
|                                                   |                                                              | месяцев                            | термометрию всему населению. Всех лихорадящих больных, выявленных при подворных обходах, госпитализируют                                                                                       |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ящур                                          | Госпитализация обязательна                 | Не проводят                      | Не проводят                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Малая медицинская энциклопедия. — М.: Медицинская энциклопедия. 1991—96 гг. 2. Первая медицинская помощь. — М.: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 1994 г. 3. Энциклопедический словарь медицинских терминов. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. — 1982—1984 гг.