Akademik

Инфекционные болезни
(позднелат. infectio заражение)
группа болезней, которые вызываются специфическими возбудителями, характеризуются заразительностью, циклическим течением и формированием постинфекционного иммунитета. Термин «инфекционные болезни» был введен Гуфеландом (Ch. W. Hufeland) и получил международное распространение. Он используется также для обозначения области клинической медицины, которая изучает патогенез, клинику инфекционных болезней и разрабатывает методы их диагностики и лечения.
Классификация. В связи с многообразием биологических свойств возбудителей инфекций, механизмов их передачи, патогенетических особенностей и клинических проявлений И. б. классификация последних по единому признаку представляет большие трудности. Наибольшее распространение получила классификация, теоретически обоснованная Л.В. Громашевским, в основу которой положен механизм передачи возбудителя инфекции и локализация его в организме (табл. 1). В естественных условиях существуют четыре типа механизмов передачи: фекально-оральный (при кишечных инфекциях), аспирационный (при инфекциях дыхательных путей), трансмиссивный (при кровяных инфекциях) и контактный (при инфекциях наружных покровов). Механизм передачи в большинстве случаев определяет преимущественную локализацию возбудители в организме. При кишечных инфекциях возбудитель в течение всей болезни или в определенные ее периоды в основном локализуется в кишечнике; при инфекциях дыхательных путей — в слизистых оболочках глотки, трахеи, бронхов и в альвеолах, где развивается воспалительный процесс; при кровяных инфекциях — циркулирует в крови и лимфатической системе; при инфекциях наружных покровов (к ним относятся также раневые инфекции) в первую очередь поражаются кожа и слизистые оболочки. В зависимости от основного источника возбудителя И. б. подразделяются на антропонозы (источник возбудителей человек) и зоонозы (источник возбудителей животные).
Таблица 1.
Классификация основных инфекционных болезней человека (по основному механизму передачи и источнику возбудителя инфекции)
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| Группа              | Антропонозы                                        | Зоонозы                                    |
| болезней           |                                                             |                                                  |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Кишечные         | Брюшной тиф, вирусный гепатит А,     | Ботулизм, бруцеллез,                |
| инфекции          | вирусный гепатит ни А ни В с               | иерсиниоз, кампилобактериоз,   |
|                          | фекально-оральным механизмом         | лептоспироз,                             |
|                          | передачи, дизентерия, полиомиелит,    | псевдотуберкулез,                     |
|                          | паратифы А и Б, ротавирусный            | сальмонеллез                            |
|                          | гастроэнтерит, холера                          |                                                  |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Инфекции         | Аденовирусные болезни, болезнь         | Геморрагическая лихорадка с    |
| дыхательных    | легионеров, ветряная оспа,                  | почечным синдромом,               |
| путей                | герпетическая инфекция, грипп,           | геморрагическая лихорадка       |
|                          | дифтерия, инфекционный                    | Ласса, лимфоцитарный             |
|                          | мононуклеоз, коклюш, корь, краснуха,  | хориоменингит, орнитоз, оспа   |
|                          | менингококковая инфекция,                 | обезьян                                     |
|                          | микоплазменная инфекция,                  |                                                  |
|                          | натуральная оспа, респираторно-         |                                                  |
|                          | синцитиальная инфекция, парагрипп,   |                                                  |
|                          | риновирусная инфекция, скарлатина,   |                                                  |
|                          | цитомегаловирусная инфекция,            |                                                  |
|                          | эпидемический паротит                        |                                                  |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Кровяные          | Возвратный тиф эпидемический          | Блошиный тиф эндемический,   |
| инфекции          | (вшиный), окопная лихорадка, сыпной  | болезнь Лайма, везикулезный    |
|                          | тиф эпидемический                             | риккетсиоз, возвратный тиф      |
|                          |                                                             | (клещевой), крымская                |
|                          |                                                             | геморрагическая лихорадка,      |
|                          |                                                             | желтая лихорадка, клещевой     |
|                          |                                                             | энцефалит, комариный              |
|                          |                                                             | энцефалит, Ку-лихорадка,         |
|                          |                                                             | денге, цуцугамуши,                   |
|                          |                                                             | марсельская лихорадка,            |
|                          |                                                             | омская геморрагическая            |
|                          |                                                             | лихорадка, североазиатский      |
|                          |                                                             | клещевой риккетсиоз,                |
|                          |                                                             | туляремия, флеботомная           |
|                          |                                                             | лихорадка, чума                        |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Инфекции         | Вирусный гепатит В, вирусный             | Бешенство, вакцина,                 |
| наружных          | гепатит ни А ни В с парентеральным    | геморрагические лихорадки       |
| покровов           | механизмом передачи, ВИЧ-                | Марбург и Эболы,                      |
|                          | инфекция, гонорея, лепра,                   | доброкачественный                   |
|                          | мочеполовой хламидиоз, рожа,            | лимфоретикулез, листериоз,      |
|                          | сифилис, трахома                                | мелиоидоз, паравакцина,           |
|                          |                                                             | пастереллез, сап, сибирская      |
|                          |                                                             | язва, содоку, столбняк,             |
|                          |                                                             | стрептобациллез, эризипелоид,  |
|                          |                                                             | ящур                                         |
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Некоторые И. б., кроме основного механизма передачи, обусловливающего их групповую принадлежность, имеют и другой механизм передачи возбудителя. Это приводит к тому, что болезнь может проявляться в разных клинических формах, соответствующих механизму передачи. Так, туляремия у человека чаще протекает в бубонной форме, но при воздушно-пылевом пути передачи возбудителя развивается легочная форма болезни.
Не все И. б. можно с достаточной уверенностью отнести к той или иной группе (например, полиомиелит, лепру, туляремию) Однако ценность классификации Л.В. Громашевского состоит в том, что по мере углубления знаний о природе недостаточно изученных болезней, они находят в ней соответствующее место.
В СССР принята также Международная классификация болезней, которая используется для регистрации и учета заболеваемости. В первый ее класс включены инфекционные и паразитарные болезни, подразделяемые на группы по смешанному принципу; 1) кишечные инфекции; 2) туберкулез; 3) бактериальные зоонозы; 4) другие бактериальные болезни; 5) полиомиелит и другие вирусные болезни ц.н.с., непередаваемые членистоногими; 6) вирусные болезни, сопровождающиеся высыпаниями; 7) вирусные болезни, передаваемые членистоногими; 8) другие болезни, вызываемые вирусами и хламидиями; 9) риккетсиозы и другие болезни, передаваемые членистоногими; 10) сифилис и другие венерические болезни; 11) другие болезни, вызываемые спирохетами; 12) микозы; 13) гельминтозы; 14) другие инфекционные и паразитарные болезни.
Однако допускаются некоторые отступления от Международной классификации болезней. Так, грипп и другие острые респираторные вирусные инфекции отнесены к инфекционным болезням (группа первого класса), а в Международной классификации болезней они входят в число болезней органов дыхания.
Характеристика важнейших инфекционных и некоторых протозойных болезней приведена в таблице 2.
Таблица 2.
Характеристика важнейших инфекционных и протозойных заболеваний
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| Название болезни    | Возбудитель           | Источник возбудителя | Пути и факторы      | Инкубационный        | Клиническая              | Методы исследования        | Дифференциально-           |
|                                 | инфекции (инвазии) | инфекции (инвазии)     | передачи                | период                     | характеристика         |                                           | диагностический ряд         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителя           |                                 | болезни                     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфекции (инвазии) |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                              | 2                             | 3                                 | 4                             | 5                              | 6                               | 7                                        | 8                                       |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Аденовирусные        | Вирусы из               | Человек — больной,    | Основной —           | 3—14 дней, в           | Начало острое.          | Люминесцентная                | Грипп, парагрипп,              |
| болезни                    | семейства               | реконвалесцент,          | воздушно-               | среднем 5—7 дней   | Интоксикация            | риноцитоскопия, реакция    | брюшной тиф и паратифы  |
|                                 | Adenoviridae,           | вирусоноситель          | капельный путь       |                                 | выражена слабо.       | связывания комплемента,  | А и В, инфекционный         |
|                                 | наибольшее            |                                    | передачи,               |                                 | Характерны               | реакции торможения           | мононуклеоз, ангина,         |
|                                 | значение имеют      |                                    | возможен также      |                                 | конъюнктивит,           | гемагглютинации и             | энтеровирусная инфекция |
|                                 | типы 3, 4, 7, 8, 14,   |                                    | пищевой, бытовой   |                                 | гиперемия слизистой | нейтрализации с парными   |                                          |
|                                 | 21                           |                                    | путь передачи        |                                 | оболочки ротоглотки, | сыворотками (нарастание   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вируса через          |                                 | тонзиллит,                 | титра антител в 4 и более   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | увеличение шейных   | раз)                                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | и других групп           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты,               |                                 | лимфатических         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы               |                                 | узлов, часто              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | домашнего              |                                 | гепатолиенальный     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода                  |                                 | синдром, диарея.      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Продолжительность  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадочного          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | периода от 5—7        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней до 2—3 недель  |                                          |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Амебиаз                   | Амеба —                 | Человек — больной,    | Основной путь        | От 1 нед. до             | Начало постепенное, | Ректороманоскопия и         | Дизентерия, балантидиаз,  |
|                                 | Entamoeba              | реконвалесцент           | передачи —            | нескольких месяцев | реже острое. Стул     | колоноскопия (глубокие      | колиты, в т. ч.                    |
|                                 | histolytica                |                                    | пищевой, водный    |                                 | жидкий, каловый 3—  | язвы на мало измененном  | неспецифический              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | бытовой,                 |                                 | 4 раза в сутки, затем | фоне слизистой оболочки). | язвенный колит, рак и        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | заражение              |                                 | до 10—15 раз и         | Копроскопия (эритроциты,  | полипоз толстой кишки,     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | чаще, с примесью     | эозинофилы, кристаллы     | кишечные гельминтозы      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | слизи и крови.           | Шарко — Лейдена; в          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые продукты  |                                | Схваткообразные      | свежих испражнениях        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | и воду, предметы   |                                 | боли в низу живота    | обнаруживают тканевую и  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | домашнего              |                                 | перед дефекацией,   | большую вегетативную      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода; фактором |                                 | возможны тенезмы.   | форму возбудителя).          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | Сигмовидная и          | Реакция непрямой              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей          |                                 | слепая кишка            | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | могут быть также    |                                 | болезненны при         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грязные руки, мухи |                                 | пальпации,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | уплотнены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадка,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интоксикация,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | анемия. Течение       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затяжное, иногда       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хроническое              |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Балантидиаз            | Паразитическая      | Свиньи, реже человек | Пути передачи —    | Не определен           | Начало чаще острое. | Исследование крови           | Амебиаз, дизентерия,        |
|                                 | инфузория —          | — больной, носитель  | пищевой, водный,   |                                 | Лихорадка, ознобы,   | (нейтрофильный                 | сальмонеллез,                   |
|                                 | Balantidium coli        | балантидий                 | бытовой, через       |                                 | резкие боли в            | лейкоцитоз, эозинофилия,  | неспецифический              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | животе, стул до 15— | увеличение СОЭ),              | язвенный колит, рак           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | 20 раз в сутки и         | Ректороманоскопия и         | толстой кишки                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | более, обильный со   | колоноскопия (очаговый     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы               |                                 | слизью и кровью.      | инфильтративно-язвенный  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | домашнего              |                                 | Возможно                  | процесс). Микроскопия       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода. Фактором |                                 | обезвоживание.         | свежих фекалий                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | Течение острое и      | (вегетативные формы         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфекции могут      |                                 | хроническое              | балантидий)                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | также служить        |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грязные руки, мухи |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Бешенство               | Вирус из                 | Волки, лисы, шакалы,  | Заражение              | От 10 дней до 1       | В начале                   | Выделение вируса из         | Столбняк, истерия,            |
|                                 | семейства               | собаки, кошки,            | происходит при       | года, чаще 1—3       | заболевания              | ткани головного мозга,       | энцефалиты, отравление   |
|                                 | Rhabdoviridae —      | летучие мыши, реже   | укусе или                | мес.                         | появляются               | обнаружение телец             | атропином                         |
|                                 | Neurorrhycetes         | грызуны и                   | ослюнении              |                                 | неприятные               | Бабеша — Негри, антигена |                                          |
|                                 | rabiei                       | травоядные животные | поврежденной         |                                 | ощущения в области | вируса в ткани головного    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кожи или слизистой |                                 | укуса, чувство          | мозга и слюнных железах.  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | оболочки больным  |                                 | тревоги, депрессия.  | Реакция пассивной             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | бешенством            |                                 | Через 1—3 дня          | гемагглютинации, реакция  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животным               |                                 | отмечаются               | связывания комплемента   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гидрофобия,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги мышц         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | глотки и гортани,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слюнотечение,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадка,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | потливость,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | двигательное            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбуждение,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | галлюцинации.           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Затем развивается    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | паралич мышц           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностей, языка,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лица, дыхательной    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мускулатуры             |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Блошиный тиф         | Риккетсии —           | Крысы и домовые       | Путь передачи —    | От 5 до 15 дней       | Начало острое.          | Реакция связывания           | Сыпной тиф и другие         |
| эндемический          | Rickettsia typhi        | мыши                          | трансмиссивный     |                                 | Появляются озноб,    | комплемента                      | риккетсиозы                      |
| (крысиный                |                                |                                    | (при втирании в       |                                 | головная боль, боли  |                                           |                                          |
| эндемический          |                                |                                    | кожу фекалий         |                                 | в мышцах, суставах. |                                           |                                          |
| сыпной тиф)             |                                |                                    | зараженных блох);  |                                 | Температура тела     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | воздушно-пылевой  |                                 | повышена до 39—     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (при попадании       |                                 | 40°, длительность     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей на     |                                 | лихорадки 7—15        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | слизистые               |                                 | дней. Лицо,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | оболочки глаз и       |                                 | конъюнктивы             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | верхних                  |                                 | гиперемированы. На  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | дыхательных путей |                                 | 2—7-й дни болезни    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | с пылью; а также    |                                 | на всем теле,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевой при           |                                 | включая лицо,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязнении            |                                 | ладони и подошвы,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевых                 |                                 | появляется обильная |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продуктов               |                                 | розеолезно-               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | содержащими         |                                 | папулезная сыпь.      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | риккетсии               |                                 | Селезенка и печень   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | испражнениями       |                                 | увеличены                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грызунов                 |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ботулизм                 | Бациллы —             | Теплокровные             | Заражение              | От 2 до 10 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Энцефалиты,                     |
|                                 | Clostridiuro              | животные, реже          | происходит             | чаще 12—24 ч          | Отмечаются              | (умеренный лейкоцитоз,     | полиомиелит, пищевые      |
|                                 | botulinum (главным  | рыбы, ракообразные,   | пищевым путем      |                                 | слабость, головная    | нейтрофилез).                    | токсикоинфекции,              |
|                                 | образом серовары   | а также человек          | через пищевые       |                                 | боль,                         | Исследование промывных  | сальменеллез, отравления |
|                                 | А, В, E)                   |                                    | продукты                |                                 | головокружение, в     | вод желудка и рвотных      | беленой, метиловым          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (маринованные       |                                 | первый день              | масс (обнаружение             | спиртом, грибами              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грибы, колбасные и |                                 | возможны боли в       | возбудителя). Биопроба на |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | рыбные изделия, в  |                                 | животе, рвота,           | белых мышах                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | т.ч. рыбные             |                                 | диарея, затем           | (обнаружение                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | консервы),              |                                 | метеоризм, запор.     | ботулянического токсина)   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обсемененные        |                                 | Характерны               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | спорами                  |                                 | нечеткость зрения,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителя и не    |                                 | диплопия, птоз,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | подвергшиеся         |                                 | анизокория,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | достаточной           |                                 | мидриаз, нарушения  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | термической           |                                 | глотания и речи,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обработке               |                                 | афония, парез           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мягкого неба,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одышка,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Температура тела     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нормальная или         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | субфебрильная,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сознание ясное         |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Бруцеллез (              | Бактерии —            | Мелкий и крупный       | Пути передачи —    | 1—3 недели, иногда | Начало обычно          | Исследование крови           | Брюшной тиф, паратифы   |
| Бруцеллёз)               | Brucella melitensis,  | рогатый скот,              | пищевой, бытовой,  | несколько месяцев   | подострое. Высокая  | (умеренная лейкопения,     | А и В, малярия, сепсис,     |
|                                 | Br. abortus, bovis     | значительно реже       | возможен —           |                                 | или субфебрильная   | относительный                   | ревматизм, ревматоидный |
|                                 | Br. suis                   | свиньи, верблюды,      | воздушно-пылевой. |                                 | температура тела,     | лейкоцитоз).                       | артрит, иерсиниоз,             |
|                                 |                                | собаки, кошки             | Заражение              |                                 | ознобы, обильная      | Бактериологическое           | псеадотуберкулез,             |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | потливость,               | исследование крови,          | лихорадка Ку, орнитоз,      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | полиаденит, боли в    | серологические методы      | инфекционный                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | суставах,                  | исследования: реакция       | мононуклеоз,                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты: сырое     |                                 | фиброзиты, артриты, | Райта, Хаддлсона,             | лептоспироз,                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | молоко от больных  |                                 | бурситы, орхит,         | реакция пассивной             | лимфогранулематоз          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | бруцеллезом           |                                 | увеличение печени и | гемагглютинации, реакция  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животных и             |                                 | селезенки.                 | Кумбса, внутрикожная        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | изготовленные из    |                                 | Интоксикация            | аллергическая проба          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | него молочные        |                                 | выражена слабо.       | Бюрне, реакция                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты (брынза),  |                                | Позже появляются    | связывания комплемента   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | недостаточно          |                                 | поражения                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | термически             |                                 | периферической и     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обработанное мясо |                                 | нейтральной нервной |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больных животных, |                                 | системы. Течение     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | овощи,                    |                                 | острое,                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | рецидивирующее и    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | выделениями          |                                 | хроническое              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животных, а также  |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при уходе за           |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больными               |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животными, при      |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | разделке их туш,    |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обработке кожи,      |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | шерсти и др.           |                                 |                                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Брюшной тиф          | Бактерия —            | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | 3—21 день, в           | Начало чаще             | Исследование крови           | паратифы А и В,                |
|                                 | Salmonella typhi       | бактерионоситель       | пищевой, водный,   | среднем 10—14       | подострое.                | (лейкопения, нейтропения   | сальмонеллез, сыпной       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | бытовой.                 | дней                        | Отмечается высокая | со сдвигом влево,              | тиф и другие                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Заражение              |                                 | температура тела в   | относительный                   | риккетсиозы, сепсис,         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | течение 2—3             | лимфоцитоз,                      | бруцеллез, малярия,          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | недель, лихорадка    | анэозинофилия). Посев      | трихинеллез, милиарный    |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | постоянного типа       | крови, мочи, кала. Реакция | туберкулез,                       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | или ремиттирующая, | пассивной                          | лимфогранулематоз,         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода, |                                 | наблюдаются            | гемагглютинации                | грипп                                 |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грязные руки.          |                                 | головная боль,          | (положительна со 2-й          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Фактором                |                                 | бессоница, потеря     | недели болезни)                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | аппетита, запор,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфекции                |                                 | заторможенность,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | являются также      |                                 | бред. Кожа бледная,  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мухи                       |                                 | на 8—10-й день         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни появляется   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | розеолезная сыпь.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Язык обложен.           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Характерны               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | метеоризм,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гепатолиенальный     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | синдром,                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | относительная           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия                |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ветряная оспа         | Вирус —                 | Больной человек         | Путь передачи        | 11—21 день, чаще   | Начало острое.          | Вирусологические              | Стрептодермия,                 |
|                                 | Strongyloplasma      |                                    | воздушно-               | 13—17 дней             | Температура тела     | исследования (возможно    | строфулез, натуральная    |
|                                 | varicellae, из            |                                    | капельный,             |                                 | повышается от 37 до | выделение вируса из          | оспа                                  |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | возможен                |                                 | 39°. Интоксикация не | элементов сыпи и крови)    |                                          |
|                                 | Herpesviridae           |                                    | трансплацентарный |                                 | характерна.               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Основной симптом    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | — сыпь на 1-й день   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни. Новые ее     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | элементы                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляются в            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение 3—4 дней.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Локализация сыпи — |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | туловище, лицо,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | волосистая часть      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головы. Вначале        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | образуется пятно, в   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение нескольких   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | часов — папула,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затем везикула,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | после вскрытия         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | которой — корки,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отпадающие на 2—   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 3-й неделе.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Характерен зуд.        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | высыпания на            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистых оболочках |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рта, половых             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | органов,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивах            |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ВИЧ-инфекция         | Вирус                     | Больной человек         | Передача вируса    | От 3 дней до            | Начало острое с        | Исследование крови           | Врожденные                      |
|                                 | иммунодефицита    |                                    | происходит при       | нескольких месяцев | повышения                | (лимфопения, анемия,        | иммунодефициты,             |
|                                 | человека (ВИЧ) из   |                                    | половых                  |                                 | температуры тела,    | тромбоцитопения,               | приобретенные                  |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | сношениях, при       |                                 | полиаденита,             | гипергаммаглобулинемия).  | иммунодефициты в           |
|                                 | Retroviridae             |                                    | переливании крови, |                                 | увеличения               | Вирусологическое              | результате хронических    |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при грудном            |                                 | селезенки и печени,  | исследование (выделение  | интоксикаций (алкоголизм  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вскармливании от   |                                 | диареи. В                  | вируса из крови).                | и др.), сахарного диабета, |
|                                 |                                |                                    | женщины ребенку   |                                 | дальнейшем              | Иммуноферментные           | применения                       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | и от ребенка           |                                 | периодически            | методы (обнаружение         | кортикостероидов,             |
|                                 |                                |                                    | женщине, во время |                                 | отмечается               | антител в крови). Метод     | цитостатиков,                    |
|                                 |                                |                                    | беременности и      |                                 | лихорадка, стойкая   | иммунного блоттинга.         | воздействия                      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | родов — от матери |                                 | полиаденопатия,       | Исследование показателей | ионизирующего излучения |
|                                 |                                |                                    | плоду,                    |                                 | развиваются             | клеточного иммунитета      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | медицинским          |                                 | подострый                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инструментом,        |                                 | энцефалит с              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненным         |                                 | деменцией,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфицированной     |                                 | кандидоз слизистых  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кровью                   |                                 | оболочек, простой и  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | опоясывающий          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | герпес, пиодермия.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Характерны потеря    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | веса тела,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рецидивирующая      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пневмония, саркома  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Калоши, другие         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | новообразования,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сепсис, другие          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гнойно-                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | воспалительные        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заболевания.             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Течение                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | прогрессирующее,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продолжительность   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | жизни от 1—11/лет у |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | детей до 5—8 лет у   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | взрослых                   |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Возвратный тиф       | Спирохета —          | Больной человек         | Путь передачи        | От 3 до 14 дней, в    | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Малярия, лептоспироз,      |
| эпидемический        | Borrelia recurrentis   |                                    | трансмиссивный.    | среднем 7—8 дней   | Появляется озноб,     | (нейтрофильный                 | сыпной тиф, грипп,            |
| (вшиный)                  |                                |                                    | Переносчик             |                                 | температура тела      | лейкоцитоз, увеличение      | клещевой возвратный        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителя           |                                 | повышается до 39—  | СОЭ, анэозинофилия,        | тиф, геморрагические        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | платяная вошь        |                                 | 40°, наблюдаются     | тромбоцитопения). В          | лихорадки                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (заражение             |                                 | жар, головная боль,   | окрашенных мазках,           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит при       |                                 | бессонница, рвота,    | толстой и висячей капле     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | втирании в кожу      |                                 | боли в мышцах, по    | крови, взятой во время       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | гемолимфы             |                                 | ходу нервов, в          | приступа, обнаруживают    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | раздавленных         |                                 | левом подреберье.    | возбудителя. Реакция        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вшей)                      |                                 | Лицо                         | связывания комплемента   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | склеры                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инъецированы,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | субиктеричны.           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Характерны               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахикардия,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия. Язык       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сухой, обложен.        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Печень и селезенка   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | (селезенка плотная    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненная).            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Сознание сохранено. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможен                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальный          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | синдром. Лихорадка  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | постоянного типа       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | длится 5—8 дней,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затем температура    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | критически падает.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Безлихорадочный      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | период длится 7—14 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней, затем               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возникает повторный |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менее                        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продолжительный      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступ. Число          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступов от 1 до 5-  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Возвратный тиф       | Borrelia sogdianum,  | Грызуны (крысы,         | Путь передачи —    | 5—20 дней               | На месте укуса         | Исследование крови           | См. Возвратный тиф          |
| эндемический          | В. duttonii, В.           | домовая мышь).          | трансмиссивный.    |                                 | клеща — первичный  | (гипохромная анемия,         | эпидемический                  |
| (клещевой)               | persica                    | Хищники,                    | Переносчики и        |                                 | аффект в виде          | лейкоцитоз, лимфоцитоз).   |                                          |
|                                 |                                | населяющие пустыни, | резервуары             |                                 | папулы с                   | В окрашенных мазках,        |                                          |
|                                 |                                | степи                          | возбудителя           |                                 | геморрагическим       | толстой и висящей капле    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфекции —           |                                 | венчиком. Начало      | крови, взятой во время       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | аргасовые клещи    |                                 | внезапное. Озноб,     | приступа и между              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | рода Alectorobius    |                                 | боли в мышцах,         | приступами,                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль,          | обнаруживают                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рвота, понос, боли в  | возбудителя. Биопроба на  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | животе, бессонница.  | мышах                               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лицо                         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано.       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Печень и селезенка   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Температура тела во |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | время приступа 39— |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 40°,                           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продолжительность   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступа 1—4 дня.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Приступ                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заканчивается           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | критическим              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | падением                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температуры. Число  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступов 8—10 и     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | более, промежутки    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | между приступами    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | от 1 до 30 дней         |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Геморрагическая      | Вирус —                 | Грызуны (рыжая          | Путь передачи —    | 8—35 дней, чаще     | Начало острое, реже | Исследование крови           | Другие геморрагические    |
| лихорадка с             | Haemorrhagogenes   | полевка, большая        | воздушно-пылевой, | 21 день                    | наблюдается             | (лейкопения, затем             | лихорадки, лептоспироз,    |
| почечным                 | nephritidis из            | полевка, полевая и      | а также пищевой и  |                                 | продромальный         | лейкоцитоз, увеличение      | острый гломерулонефрит  |
| синдромом               | семейства               | лесная мышь и др.)     | при                         |                                 | период, температура | СОЭ, повышение уровня    |                                          |
|                                 | Bunyaviridae            |                                    | соприкосновении с  |                                 | тела повышается до  | мочевины и креатинина).    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грызунами и их       |                                 | 38—40°. Озноб,         | Исследование мочи            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | испражнениями       |                                 | головная боль,          | (протеинурия, гиалиновые  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (через                     |                                 | жажда, сухость во    | и зернистые цилиндры,       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | поврежденную        |                                 | рту. Гиперемия лица, | эритроциты). Реакция         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кожу)                      |                                 | верхней части груди. | иммунофлюоресценции      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Гиперемия                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистой оболочки   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | глотки. Склерит,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивит. С 3—  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 4-го дня на фоне       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | снижения                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температуры             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляются боли в    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пояснице, в животе,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | жажда, икота,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бледность, олигурия, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | петехиальная сыпь    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на туловище,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоизлияния в        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | склеры, носовые       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровотечения,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гематурия,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышение АД. Язык |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сухой, обложен.        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Печень увеличена.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Заторможенность,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бессонница,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | снижение зрения. С   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 9—12-го дня —          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиурия,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | постепенное              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | улучшение                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | состояния                 |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Гепатит вирусный А | Вирусы из               | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | От 7 до 45 дней, в    | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Острые респираторные      |
| (см. Гепатиты           | различных               | реконвалесцент и        | пищевой, водный,   | среднем 20—30       | Отмечаются              | (лейкопения, лимфоцитоз). | вирусные инфекции,          |
| вирусные)                | семейств                | вирусоноситель.         | бытовой.                 | дней                        | повышение                | Исследование мочи            | пищевые                           |
|                                 |                                | Вирус выделяется из  | Заражение              |                                 | температуры тела,    | (обнаружение уробилина,   | токсикоинфекции, другие   |
|                                 |                                | зараженного                | происходит через   |                                 | головная боль, боли  | желчных пигментов).          | вирусные гепатиты,           |
|                                 |                                | организма с                | загрязненные          |                                 | в мышцах, снижение  | Биохимические                  | лептоспироз, иерсиниоз,    |
|                                 |                                | фекалиями                  | пищевые                 |                                 | аппетита, тошнота,    | исследования (увеличение | псевдотуберкулез,             |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | рвота, отрыжка          | уровня связанного              | инфекционный                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода, |                                 | горечью, тупые боли  | билирубина, активности     | мононуклеоз, желтая         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грязные руки           |                                 | в правом                   | трансфераз, показателя     | лихорадка, сепсис,            |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | подреберье,              | тимоловой пробы).              | токсоплазмоз, синдром      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | потемнение мочи,      | Иммунологические             | Жильбера,                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипохоличный кал,     | исследования                     | гемолитическая анемия,    |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | желтушность кожи и  | (обнаружение в крови         | токсические гепатиты,       |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистых оболочек  | специфических антител      | желчнокаменная болезнь,  |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на 5—7-й дни            | класса lgM, 4-кратное         | опухоли                             |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни, увеличение  | нарастание в парных         | холедохопанкреатической  |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | печени, реже             | сыворотках антител            | области, альвеококкоз,      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенки.                 | класса lgG)                         | первичный рак печени,      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Брадикардия,            |                                           | хронический гепатит,         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           | цирроз печени                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия                |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Гепатит вирусный В | То же                      | Человек — больной и  | Передача вируса    | От 30 до 180 дней,   | Начало постепенное. | Исследования крови,          | См. Вирусный гепатит А    |
|                                 |                                | вирусоноситель, у       | происходит             | в среднем 60—90     | Наблюдаются            | мочи, биохимические         |                                          |
|                                 |                                | которых вирус             | парентерально при  | дней                        | снижение аппетита,   | исследования (см.              |                                          |
|                                 |                                | находится в крови       | переливании крови  |                                 | тошнота, рвота,         | Вирусный гепатит А).         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | или ее препаратов,  |                                | непереносимость      | Специфические методы:    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при использовании  |                                 | жирной пищи,            | обнаружение в крови          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | недостаточно          |                                 | изжога, отрыжка,       | вирусных антигенов —       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | стерилизованного   |                                 | тяжесть и тупые        | HBsAg и HBeAg и антител  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфицированного    |                                 | боли в эпигастрии и   | анти-HBs, анти-НВе, анти-  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вирусом                  |                                 | в правом                   | НВс                                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | медицинского         |                                 | подреберье, боли в   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инструментария      |                                 | суставах. Через 2—  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (шприцев, игл,         |                                 | 3 нед. темнеет моча, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | хирургических и      |                                 | обесцвечивается       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | стоматологических  |                                | кал, появляется         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инструментов);       |                                 | желтуха на фоне       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | половым путем, в   |                                 | нарастания                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | процессе родов,     |                                 | диспептических         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возможно                |                                 | расстройств,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | заражение плода в  |                                 | слабости, головной    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | III триместре           |                                 | боли, нарушение       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | беременности (так  |                                 | сна. Затем желтуха   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | называемая            |                                 | становится                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вертикальная          |                                 | интенсивной. Печень |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передача)               |                                 | увеличена. В             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тяжелых случаях       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | печень уменьшается |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в размерах,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | развиваются             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бессонница,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | анорексия,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахикардия,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоточивость,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тремор, больной        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбужден, сознание |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | спутанное, кома        |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Гепатит вирусный    | То же                      | Человек — больной и  | Парентерально       | 50—75 дней             | Клинически сходен с | Исследования крови,          | См. Вирусный гепатит А    |
| ни А ни В с              |                                | вирусоноситель          | (см. Гепатит            |                                 | вирусным гепатитом  | мочи, биохимические         |                                          |
| парентеральным      |                                |                                    | вирусный В)            |                                 | В                               | исследования (см.              |                                          |
| механизмом             |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | Вирусный гепатит А).         |                                          |
| передачи                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | Специфические методы     |                                          |
| возбудителя             |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | диагностики не                   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | разработаны                       |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Гепатит вирусный    | То же                      | Человек — больной и  | Путь передачи —    | 30—40 дней             | Клинически сходен с | Исследования крови,          | См. Вирусный гепатит А    |
| ни А ни В с              |                                | вирусоноситель          | пищевой, водный,   |                                 | вирусным гепатитом  | мочи, биохимические         |                                          |
| фекально-оральным |                                |                                    | бытовой (см.           |                                 | А, но протекает         | исследования (см.              |                                          |
| механизмом             |                                |                                    | Гепатит вирусный   |                                 | более тяжело            | Вирусный гепатит А).         |                                          |
| передачи                 |                                |                                    | А)                           |                                 |                                  | Специфические методы     |                                          |
| возбудителя             |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | диагностики не                   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | разработаны                       |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Грипп                       | Вирусы гриппа,       | Больной человек         | Путь передачи —    | От 12 часов до 3      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Острые респираторные      |
|                                 | подразделяющиеся |                                    | преимущественно   | дней, чаще 1—2       | Появляются              | (лейкопения и                     | вирусные инфекции,          |
|                                 | на серологические  |                                    | воздушно-               | дня                          | головная боль, боли  | лимфоцитоз). Реакция        | сыпной тиф и другие         |
|                                 | типы А, В, С и         |                                    | капельный, а также |                                 | в мышцах, суставах, | прямой                               | риккетсиозы, брюшной       |
|                                 | подтипы Аи Аиз   |                                    | бытовой через        |                                 | познабливание.         | иммунофлюоресценции      | тиф, бруцеллез, орнитоз,   |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | предметы обихода  |                                 | Температура тела     | (обнаружение антигена в    | легионеллез,                      |
|                                 | Orthomyxoviridae     |                                    | (полотенца,             |                                 | повышается до 38—  | слизи из носа и зева).         | инфекционный                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | носовые платки,      |                                 | 40°, длительность     | Реакция непрямой              | мононуклеоз,                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | посуду и др.),         |                                 | лихорадки 3—6         | иммунофлюоресценции      | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | дней. Отмечаются     | (обнаружение антител в      | лихорадки лептоспироз,     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | выделениями          |                                 | сухой кашель,           | слизи из носа и зева).         | вирусный гепатит А           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больного                 |                                 | першение в горле,     | Реакция торможения          | (преджелтушный период),  |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | саднение за              | гемагглютинации и             | менингит, энцефалит,        |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | грудиной,                  | реакция связывания           | пневмония, туберкулез      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заложенность носа,   | комплемента в парных       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затем слизисто-         | сыворотках используются  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гнойные выделения   | для ретроспективной          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | из носа. Гиперемия   | диагностики                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лица, инъекция          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктив,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемия слизистой |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | оболочки носоглотки, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зернистость мягкого  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и твердого неба,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | относительная           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия                |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Денге                       | Вирусы из               | Больной человек         | Путь передачи —    | При классической    | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Малярия, корь,                  |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | трансмиссивный.    | лихорадке денге      | Появляется сильный  | (лейкоцитоз, затем             | скарлатина,                       |
|                                 | Togaviridae              |                                    | Переносчики           | 3—15 дней. При       | озноб, температура   | лейкопения,                        | менингококковая                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей —     | геморрагической      | тела быстро              | относительный                   | инфекция, желтая              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | комары рода Aedes | лихорадке денге —  | повышается до 40—  | лимфоцитоз,                      | лихорадка,                        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (Aedes aegypti)        | 4—10 дней               | 41°, форма                | тромбоцитопения).              | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температурной          | Выделение вируса из         | лихорадки, флеботомная   |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кривой двугорбая.     | крови. Реакция                   | лихорадка                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Отмечаются              | связывания комплемента,  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль, боли  | реакция торможения           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в глазных яблоках,    | гемагглютинации, реакция  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мышцах, суставах,    | нейтрализации в парных     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рвота,                       | сыворотках                        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головокружение,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бред, боли в животе. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лицо «пылающее»,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сосуды склер и         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктив               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инъецированы,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | наблюдаются            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | светобоязнь,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятнисто-папулезная |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | или мелкоточечная    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь, повышенная     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоточивость.        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Периферические       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфатические узлы |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены и              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненны               |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Дизентерия              | Бактерии рода        | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | От нескольких          | Начало острое.          | Выделение возбудителя из | Амебиаз, пищевые            |
|                                 | Shigella — S.           | бактерионоситель       | пищевой, водный,   | часов до 7 суток,     | Появляются              | фекалий. Копрологическое | токсикоинфекции,              |
|                                 | dysenteriae, S.         | (выделитель)               | бытовой,                 | чаще 2—3 дня         | схваткообразные       | исследование (лейкоциты   | сальмонеллез, холера,      |
|                                 | flexneri, S. boydii,    |                                    | заражение              |                                 | боли в левой             | и эритроциты).                    | неспецифический              |
|                                 | S. sonnei                 |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | подвздошной             | Ректороманоскопия            | язвенный колит, рак           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | области, тенезмы,     | (катаральный, катарально-  | дистального отдела           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | ложные позывы.        | геморрагический,               | толстой кишки                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | Стул скудный,           | эрозивный, язвенный          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода, |                                 | слизисто-                  | проктосигмоидит,               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | а также грязные      |                                 | кровянистый.             | сфинктерит).                      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | руки, возможна       |                                 | Температура тела     | Дополнительные методы:   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передача                |                                 | повышена.                 | реакция непрямой              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителя           |                                 | Отмечаются              | гемагглютинации,               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мухами                   |                                 | головная боль,          | внутрикожная                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головокружение,        | аллергическая проба с       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слабость. Язык          | дизентерином                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обложен.                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Сигмовидная кишка   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | спазмирована,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненна при         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пальпации                 |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Дифтерия                | Бактерия —            | Человек— больной,     | Путь передачи —    | От нескольких          | При дифтерии           | Исследование крови           | Стрептококковая,               |
|                                 | Corynebacterium      | реконвалесцент,          | воздушно-               | часов до 12 дней,    | ротоглотки начало в  | (умеренный                        | стафилококковая ангины,  |
|                                 | diphtheriae               | здоровый носитель     | капельный              | чаще 2—7 дней        | легких случаях          | нейтрофильный                  | ангина Симановского —     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Заражение может   |                                 | постепенное, в          | лейкоцитоз). Выделение     | Плаута — Венсана,           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | произойти также     |                                 | тяжелых — острое.   | культуры возбудителя из    | инфекционный                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | через предметы      |                                 | Температура тела     | слизи зева и носа с            | мононуклеоз,                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода (белье,      |                                 | 38—40°, отмечаются | обязательным                     | ларинготрахеобронхиты     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | полотенца,              |                                 | умеренные боли при  | определением                    | при острых                        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | носовые платки,      |                                 | глотании. Небные      | токсигенности                    | респираторных вирусных   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | игрушки, посуду)    |                                 | миндалины отечны,   |                                           | инфекциях                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слабо                        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы, с    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | серовато-белыми       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | островчатыми или     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | распространенными  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | налетами, которые    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | могут переходить на  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мягкое и твердое       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | небо; снимаются с    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | трудом, при этом      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ткань миндалин         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоточит. В            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тяжелых случаях —  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отек клетчатки шеи,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахикардия или         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | аритмия, парез          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мягкого неба,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиневрит,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | токсический нефроз. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | При дифтерии           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гортани —                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интоксикация слабо   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | выражена. Сухой       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | «лающий» кашель,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затрудненное            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шумною дыхание,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | афония. При              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дифтерии носа —      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сукровичное              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отделяемое из носа.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на носовой                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | перегородке —          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | серые пленчатые       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | налеты,                     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интоксикация не        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | выражена                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Желтая лихорадка (  | Вирус — Flavivinis  | При эндемическом      | Путь передачи —    | 3—6 дней, иногда    | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Геморрагические               |
| Жёлтая лихорадка)  | febris из семейства  | типе желтой                | трансмиссивный.    | до 10 дней               | Появляются озноб,    | (лейкопения, затем             | лихорадки, вирусные         |
|                                 | Togaviridae              | лихорадки —               | Переносчики           |                                 | интенсивная              | лейкоцитоз).                       | гепатиты, лептоспироз,      |
|                                 |                                | обезьяны, возможно,   | возбудителей при   |                                 | головная боль, боли  | Исследование мочи            | малярия, денге                  |
|                                 |                                | грызуны; при               | эндемическом типе |                                 | в мышцах, тошнота,  | (эритроциты, белок).           |                                          |
|                                 |                                | эпидемическом типе   | лихорадки —          |                                 | рвота, боли в             | Биохимические                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                | — человек                  | комары рода Aides  |                                 | пояснице;                  | исследования (повышение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | и Haemagogus; при  |                                | температура тела      | уровня билирубина и          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | эпидемическом       |                                 | повышается до 39—  | активности трансфераз).    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | типе — комары       |                                 | 41°. Лицо                   | Выделение вируса из         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | рода Aedes             |                                 | одутловатое,             | крови. Реакция                   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано.       | связывания комплемента,  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Кроме того,               | реакция непрямой              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | наблюдаются            | иммунофлюоресценции,     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемия шеи,         | реакция торможения           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | грудной клетки,         | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инъекция сосудов     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | склер и конъюнктив,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слезотечение, бред,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахи- и брадикардия, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия, печень    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличена. После      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ремиссии возможны  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | желтуха, геморрагии  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на коже,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровотечения,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | олигурия, азотемия,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | печеночно-почечная  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность       |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Иерсиниоз                | Бактерия —            | Свинья, корова,          | Пути передачи —    | От 15 часов до 15    | Начало острое,          | Исследование крови           | Дизентерия,                       |
|                                 | Versinia                   | собака, кошка,            | пищевой, водный,   | суток                       | температура тела      | (нейрофильный                  | сальмонеллез, пищевые    |
|                                 | enterocolitica           | грызуны (мыши,          | бытовой;                 |                                 | повышается до          | лейкоцитоз, эозинофилия,  | токсикоинфекции,              |
|                                 |                                | крысы) и др., а также  | заражение              |                                 | 37,5—40°.                  | увеличение СОЭ).              | аппендицит, сепсис,          |
|                                 |                                | человек — больной и  | происходит через    |                                 | Отмечаются боли в   | Выделение возбудителя из | вирусные гепатиты,           |
|                                 |                                | бактерионоситель       | пищевые                 |                                 | животе различной      | крови, лимфатических        | ревматизм, полиартриты,   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | локализации, жидкий | узлов, мочи, кала. Реакция | брюшной тиф, паратифы   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода; |                                 | стул с примесью       | агглютинации, реакция       | А и В, бруцеллез               |
|                                 |                                |                                    | факторами              |                                 | слизи, рвота. Сыпь    | пассивной                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи могут       |                                 | появляется чаще на  | гемагглютинации в парных  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | быть также             |                                 | дистальных отделах  | сыворотках                        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | грязные руки           |                                 | конечностей.             | (диагностический титр не   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наблюдаются            | менее 1: 400)                      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиартрит,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиаденит, гепатит. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | волнообразное          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затяжное и                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хроническое течение |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни                     |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Кампилобактериоз    | Бактерии —            | Домашние и дикие      | Пути передачи —    | От 1 до 6 дней,        | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Дизентерия,                       |
|                                 | Campylobacter         | животные, крупный и   | пищевой, водный,   | чаще 1—2 дня         | Появляются              | (возможен нейтрофильный | сальмонеллез, пищевые    |
|                                 | jejuni, C. coli            | мелкий рогатый скот,  | бытовой                  |                                 | коликообразные боли | лейкоцитоз). Выделение     | токсикоинфекции, сепсис  |
|                                 |                                | свиньи, домашние       |                               |                                 | в животе, стул           | культуры возбудителя из    |                                          |
|                                 |                                | птицы, кролики,           |                               |                                 | частый калового        | фекалий, реакция               |                                          |
|                                 |                                | собаки, кошки,            |                               |                                 | характера со слизью | микрогемагглютинации,      |                                          |
|                                 |                                | грызуны, зайцы,          |                               |                                 | и кровью. Возможно  | реакция связывания           |                                          |
|                                 |                                | кабаны, некоторые      |                               |                                 | обезвоживание. В      | комплемента, реакция        |                                          |
|                                 |                                | птицы, реже —            |                               |                                 | тяжелых случаях —  | пассивной                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                | человек — больной,    |                               |                                 | лихорадка, озноб,      | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                | носитель                     |                               |                                 | головная боль, боли  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                | возбуяителей              |                               |                                 | в пояснице,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингизм, почечная |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сепсис                      |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Коклюш                    | Бактерия —            | Больной человек         | Путь передачи —    | От 3 до 15 дней,      | Начало постепенное  | Исследование крови           | Грипп, острые                    |
|                                 | Bordetella pertussis  |                                    | воздушно-               | чаще 5—8 дней        | с легких                    | (высокий лимфоцитарный   | респираторные вирусные   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | капельный              |                                 | катаральных              | лейкоцитоз). Выделение     | инфекции, бронхит,           |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | явлений, затем          | возбудителя из                   | бронхаденит, паракоклюш  |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется                | носоглоточной слизи.         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступообразный     | Реакции агглютинации,       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кашель, особенно      | связывания комплемента,  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ночью. Приступы       | пассивной                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сопровождаются       | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемией и             | используются для              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | цианозом лица,          | ретроспективной                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рвотой, дыхание        | диагностики                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | свистящее. Приступ  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заканчивается после |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отхождения вязкой    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистой мокроты.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Температура тела     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нормальная и            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | субфебрильная.        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Общая                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продолжительность   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни обычно         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 1,5—2 мес.                |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Корь                        | Вирус из                 | Больной человек в      | Путь передачи —    | От 8 до 17, чаще 10 | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Острая респираторная       |
|                                 | семейства               | последние 1—2 дня    | воздушно-               | дней (до 21 дня у     | Появляются кашель,  | (умеренный лейкоцитоз,     | вирусная инфекция,          |
|                                 | Puunyxoviridae        | инкубационного           | капельный, а также | лиц, получавших      | насморк,                   | который сменяется             | краснуха, энтеровирусная |
|                                 |                                | периода и 3—5 дней   | трансплацентарный | гамма-глобулин)       | конъюнктивит,           | лейкопенией). Реакция       | инфекция, токсико-            |
|                                 |                                | после появления сыпи |                               |                                 | недомогание,            | пассивной                          | аллергический дерматит    |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль,          | гемагглютинации и             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температура тела      | торможения                        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышается до 38—  | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 39°. Лицо                   | (определение                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одутловатое, склеры | специфических антител)     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и конъюнктива           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | светобоязнь. На        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистой оболочке   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | щек и десен —          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятна Вольского —    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Филатова —              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Коплика, на мягком и |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | твердом небе —        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энантема. На 4—5-й  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | день на фоне            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | усиления                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интоксикации,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | катаральных              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | явлений и лихорадки |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятнисто-папулезная |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь на лице, затем  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на туловище и           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностях              |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Краснуха                 | Вирус из                 | Человек — больной,    | Путь передачи —    | От 15 до 24 дней,     | Начало острое.          | Исследования крови           | Корь, энтеровирусная        |
|                                 | семейства               | вирусоноситель          | воздушно-               | чаще 16—18 дней    | Температура тела     | (лейкопения, лимфоцитоз,  | инфекция, лекарственные  |
|                                 | Togavindae              |                                    | капельный, а также |                                 | субфебрильная,        | моноцитоз). Определение   | сыпи                                  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | трансплацентарный |                                 | интоксикация слабо   | титра вирус-                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | выражена. На 1—2-й  | нейтрализующих антител в |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | день болезни             | парных сыворотках,           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется розовая,  | взятых с интервалом 7—    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятнистая, пятнисто- | 10 дней при нарастании      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | папулезная сыпь       | титра в 4 и более раз          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одновременно на       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | всем теле или на       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лице и туловище. На  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | следующий день       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь появляется на   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностях.             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Преимущественная   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | локализация сыпи на |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | разгибательной         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | поверхности              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностей, вокруг  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | суставов, на спине,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ягодицах.                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Одновременно с        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпью или за 1—2     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дня до нее                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отмечаются               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | катаральные              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | явления,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обнаруживается        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энантема на небе.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лимфатические         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | узлы, особенно          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затылочные и            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | латеральные             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шейные, увеличены   |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Крымская                 | Вирус — CHF-vinia  | Коровы, козы, дикие    | Путь передачи —    | 2—14 дней, чаще     | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Лептоспироз, сыпной тиф, |
| геморрагическая      | из семейства          | млекопитающие          | трансмиссивный.    | 3—5 дней                 | Появляется озноб.     | (вначале — лейкопения,     | сепсис, другие                  |
| лихорадка                | Bunyaviridae            |                                    | Переносчики           |                                 | Температура тела     | эритроцитоз, уменьшение   | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей —     |                                 | повышается до 39—  | СОЭ, позже — анемия,       | лихорадки,                        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | клещи Hyalomma    |                                 | 40°, длительность     | нарастание лейкопении,     | геморрагический                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | margioatum.            |                                 | лихорадки 12 дней.   | тромбоцитопения).              | васкулит,                           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Возможна               |                                 | Появляются резкая   | Выделение вируса.            | тромбоцитопеническая      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передача вируса     |                                 | головная боль,          | Реакции связывания           | пурпура, острый лейкоз     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при попадают         |                                 | сонливость, боли в    | комплемента и пассивной   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | крови больных на    |                                 | мышцах и суставах,  | гемагглютинации, реакции  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | слизистые               |                                 | тошнота, рвота, боли | диффузной преципитации  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | оболочки глаз,        |                                 | в животе, пояснице.  | в агаре и                            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | носоглотки и           |                                 | Лицо, верхняя часть  | иммунофлюоресценции      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | поврежденную        |                                 | туловища,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кожу                       |                                 | конъюнктивы,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | соприкасавшихся с |                                 | склеры                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больными людей     |                                 | гиперемированы.       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (чаще                     |                                 | Печень увеличена.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | медперсонала)        |                                 | На туловище и          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностях имеется |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагическая       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь. Наблюдаются  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоизлияния в        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистые оболочки  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и их кровоточивость, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | носовые, маточные,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | желудочные и           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | другие кровотечения |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ку-лихорадка           | Риккетсия —           | Крупный и мелкий       | Пути передачи —    | От 3 до 32 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови (чаще | Грипп, сыпной тиф,           |
|                                 | Coxiella burnetil        | рогатый скот, лошади, | пищевой (через       | чаще — 12—19        | Появляются озноб,    | лейко- и нейтропения,         | брюшной тиф, бруцеллез,  |
|                                 |                                | свиньи, собаки,           | загрязненные          | дней                        | головная боль, боли  | относительный                   | орнитоз, лептоспироз,        |
|                                 |                                | птицы, грызуны.          | молоко и молочные |                                 | в мышцах и               | лимфоцитоз, увеличение    | туляремия, сепсис             |
|                                 |                                | Исключительно редко  | продукты);              |                                 | суставах,                  | СОЭ). Рентгенологически   |                                          |
|                                 |                                | человек                       | воздушно-пылевой  |                                 | температура тела      | — пневмония. Реакция       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (вдыхание               |                                 | повышается до 39—  | связывания комплемента,  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | зараженной пыли    |                                 | 40°. Лихорадка          | реакция нейтрализации,      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при работе с           |                                 | постоянного и            | реакция непрямой              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | шерстью, мехом),   |                                 | ремиттирующего       | иммунофлюоресценции,     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | а также при уходе   |                                 | типа от 3 дней до 2   | кожная аллергическая        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | за больными           |                                 | недель в                   | проба                                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животными, при их  |                                 | зависимости от         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | убое и разделке      |                                 | тяжести болезни.       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | туш;                        |                                 | Сухой кашель,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | трансмиссивный — |                                 | потливость. Лицо      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | иксодовыми,           |                                 | гиперемировано,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | аргасовыми и          |                                 | отмечаются               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | гамазовыми            |                                 | инъекция склер,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | клещами. От           |                                 | гиперемия зева,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | человека с              |                                 | гепатолиенальный     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мокротой и              |                                 | синдром. Часто         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | молоком кормящей |                                 | пневмония и              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | женщины                |                                 | трахеобронхит           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно затяжное   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и хроническое           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение болезни        |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Лайма болезнь         | Спирохета —          | Мышевидные грызуны | Путь передачи —    | От 2 до 31 дня         | Начало острое.          | Исследование                    | Рожа, дерматит,                |
|                                 | Borrelia Burdorferi     | (мыши, полевки,          | трансмиссивный.    |                                 | Отмечаются              | цереброспинальной            | вирусные менингиты,         |
|                                 |                                | хомяки и др.), олени,   | Переносчики           |                                 | лихорадка, миалгия,  | жидкости (при поражении   | клещевой и другие            |
|                                 |                                | лоси, крупный             | возбудителей —     |                                 | артралгия. В месте    | ц.н.с. лимфоцитарный        | энцефалиты,                     |
|                                 |                                | рогатый скот, собаки   | иксодовые клещи    |                                 | укуса клеща              | плеоцитоз, повышение        | ревматоидный и другие     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (lxodes ricinus, I.      |                                 | появляется эритема  | содержания белка,             | артриты                             |
|                                 |                                |                                    | persulcatus)             |                                 | кольцевидной            | выделение культуры          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | формы,                     | возбудителя). Реакция       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличивающаяся     | непрямой                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | до 20 см и более в    | иммунофлюоресценции.     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диаметре, бледная в | Иммуноферментный           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | центре. Возможны     | анализ в парных                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | вторичные эритемы   | сыворотках, взятых с         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на других участках    | интервалом 2 недели          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кожи, регионарный    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфаденит,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | парестезии. Через     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 4—5 недель —          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | серозный менингит,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энцефаломиелит,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энцефалит,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полирадикулоневрит, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | миокардит. Через      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | несколько месяцев    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | — полиартрит,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хронический              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энцефалит,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энцефаломиелит,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | деменция,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хронический              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | атрофический           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | акродермит,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | доброкачественный   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфоденоз кожи      |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ласса                      | Вирус из                 | Больной человек, а     | Путь передачи —    | От 3 до 20 дней,      | Начало постепенное. | Исследование крови           | Желтая лихорадка,            |
| геморрагическая      | семейства               | также крысы               | воздушно-               | чаще 7—8 дней        | Температура тела к   | (лейкопения, повышение     | геморрагические                |
| лихорадка — см.      | Arenaviridae             |                                    | капельный.             |                                 | концу недели             | гематокрита, увеличение    | лихорадки,                        |
| Геморрагические      |                                |                                    | Возможна               |                                 | повышается до 39—  | СОЭ). Исследование мочи  | менингококковая                |
| лихорадки                |                                |                                    | передача вируса     |                                 | 40°,                           | (микрогематурия,               | инфекция                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | через                      |                                 | продолжительность   | протеинурия).                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненный          |                                 | лихорадки 3—5         | Биохимические                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кровью больного     |                                 | недель.                     | исследования (повышение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | медицинский           |                                 | Наблюдаются            | активности                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инструментарий      |                                 | тошнота, рвота,         | аминотрансфераз,              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диарея,                     | щелочной фосфатазы,       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обезвоживание,         | декомпенсированный         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | петехиальная сыпь    | ацидоз). Вирусологические |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | на коже,                    | исследования (выделение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоизлияния, отек  | вируса из крови, смывов    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лица, шеи.                 | из зева, слюны, мочи).       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Слизистая оболочка  | Реакция непрямой              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зева, кожа лица и      | иммунофлюоресценции (с  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | груди                        | 7—10-го дня) и реакция      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы.       | связывания комплемента   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Развивается              | (с 3-й недели болезни)        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | язвенный фарингит.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Характерны миалгия, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли в животе.          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Больной                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заторможен,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляются               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги, слух          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | снижен. В тяжелых    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | случаях —                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиповолемический и  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инфекционно-            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | токсический шок        |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Легионеров болезнь | Бактерия —             | Возможно, почва,        | Путь передачи —    | При                          | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Другие пневмонии,            |
|                                 | Legionella                | вода — места             | воздушно-               | пневмонической       | Температура тела     | (умеренный                        | микоплазменная                |
|                                 | pneumophila            | естественного             | капельный              | форме от 2 до 10     | повышается до          | нейтрофильный                  | инфекция. орнитоз, Ку-      |
|                                 |                                | обитания легионелл     |                               | дней; при                 | 38,5—40°.                  | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       | лихорадка, грипп, острые  |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | лихорадке Понтиак   | Появляются сухой     | влево, лимфопения,           | респираторные вирусные   |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | — 6—48 часов         | кашель, насморк,      | высокая СОЭ,                    | инфекции, грипп                |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли в грудной          | тромбоцитопения).              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | клетке при дыхании,  | Биохимические                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затем кашель с         | исследования                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мокротой. В легких    | (гипонатриемия,                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | — ослабленное         | гипоальбуминемия,            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дыхание, влажные     | повышение уровня             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хрипы. Отмечаются   | билирубина, креатинина,    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диарея, бессонница,  | мочевины, активности        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль,          | аминотрансфераз и других |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головокружение.        | сывороточных                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Развиваются             | ферментов).                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сердечно-                  | Рентгенологически в          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сосудистая,              | легких очаговая, затем       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дыхательная,            | сливная пневмония.           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | почечная                   | Бактериологические           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность,      | исследования (выделение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышенная              | культуры возбудителя из    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоточивость,        | крови и мокроты,                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | токсическая              | обнаружение его экспресс- |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | энцефалопатия         | методами). Реакция           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | (бред,                        | непрямой                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | галлюцинации,           | иммунофлюоресценции,     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | спутанность              | реакция пассивной             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сознания, дизартрия, | гемагглютинации,               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | атаксия)                    | иммуноферментный           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 |                                  | анализ                                |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Лейшманиоз             | Leishmania              | При индийском            | Путь передачи —    | При индийском         | Начало постепенное. | Исследование крови           | Малярия, бруцеллез,         |
| висцеральный (см.   | Donovani, L. d.         | лейшманиозе —          | трансмиссивный.    | лейшманиозе — 6— | На месте внедрения  | (анемия, лейкопения,          | лейкоз, сепсис,                  |
| Лейшманиозы)         | infantum, L. d.          | больной человек; при  | Переносчики           | 8 мес..; при              | возбудителя              | тромбоцитопения,               | лимфогранулематоз          |
|                                 | archibaldii                | средиземноморском    | возбудителей —     | средиземноморском | появляется                | увеличение СОЭ).              |                                          |
|                                 |                                | — собаки, а также       | москиты                  | и восточно-              | первичный аффект.   | Обнаружение возбудителя  |                                          |
|                                 |                                | шакалы, лисы; при      |                               | африканском — от   | Отмечаются              | в мазке и толстой капле     |                                          |
|                                 |                                | восточноафриканском |                               | 20 дней до 1 года     | слабость, снижение   | крови, пунктатах костного  |                                          |
|                                 |                                | — больной человек и  |                                |                                 | аппетита, сплено- и   | мозга, биоптатах                |                                          |
|                                 |                                | грызуны, хищники       |                               |                                 | гепатомегалия,          | лимфатических узлов,        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | длительная               | печени, селезенки,             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | волнообразная          | выделение культуры          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадка,                | возбудителя из биоптатов  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиаденит,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пигментация кожи,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кахексия, атрофия    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мышц,                       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагические       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | проявления и             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | высыпания на коже.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Течение                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хроническое              |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Лейшманиоз             | Leishmania tropica   | При сельском —         | Путь передачи —    | От 1 недели до 11/  | Начало постепенное. | Бактериоскопия мазков,     | Сифилис, лепра,                |
| кожный                    | major (кожного         | грызуны (песчанки,     | трансмиссивный.    | месяцев при             | На месте внедрения  | взятых с краев язв.            | трофические язвы             |
|                                 | лейшманиоза          | суслик и др.); при        | Переносчики           | сельском кожном     | возбудителя (лицо,    | Биопробы на                      |                                          |
|                                 | сельского типа), L.  | городском — больной  | возбудителей —     | лейшманиозе; от 2   | конечности, реже      | лабораторных животных     |                                          |
|                                 | tropica minor            | человек                       | москиты                  | месяцев до 11/лет  | туловище)                 | (выделение культуры         |                                          |
|                                 | (кожного                  |                                    |                               | — при городском     | появляется папула,   | возбудителя)                      |                                          |
|                                 | лейшманиоза          |                                    |                               | кожном                    | увеличивающаяся в  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 | городского типа)     |                                    |                               | лейшманиозе           | размерах. Через        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | несколько месяцев    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | папула покрывается  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | коркой, после            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отторжения которой   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | образуется                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | поверхностная язва   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | до 4—6 см в              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диаметре.                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Рубцевание ее          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зависит от формы     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни и занимает   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | от 6—7 месяцев        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | (рано                         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | изъязвляющийся       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кожный лейшманиоз) |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | до 1 года (поздно      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | изъязвляющийся       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кожный                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лейшманиоз).            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Количество язв от     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 1—2 до 10 и более.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лихорадка,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интоксикация             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отсутствует               |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Лептоспироз            | Leptospira                | В природных очагах    | Основной путь        | От 3 до 30 дней,      | Начало острое,          | Исследование крови           | Грипп, сыпной тиф,           |
|                                 | interrogans               | — грызуны,                 | передачи —            | чаще 7—10 дней      | бурное. Появляется   | (нейтрофильный                 | вирусные гепатиты,           |
|                                 |                                | насекомоядные,          | водный. Заражение |                                 | озноб, температура   | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                | парнокопытные,          | происходит при       |                                 | тела повышается до  | влево, увеличение СОЭ,     | лихорадки                         |
|                                 |                                | хищные животные;      | купании,                 |                                 | 39—40° и выше.        | анемия, тромбоцитопения). |                                          |
|                                 |                                | антропоургических      | употреблении для   |                                 | Длительность            | Исследование мочи            |                                          |
|                                 |                                | очагах — крупный и    | питья и                   |                                 | лихорадки 5—10        | (протеинурия, лейкоциты,   |                                          |
|                                 |                                | мелкий рогатый скот,  | хозяйственных        |                                 | дней и более,            | эритроциты, цилиндры).      |                                          |
|                                 |                                | свиньи, лошади,          | нужд загрязненной  |                                 | возможны повторные | Биохимические                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                | собаки, а также           | воды (из открытых  |                                 | волны лихорадки. С   | исследования (азотемия,    |                                          |
|                                 |                                | домовые мыши и         | водоемов), а также |                                 | первых часов            | повышение уровня             |                                          |
|                                 |                                | крысы                         | пищи, например      |                                 | отмечаются               | билирубина).                      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | сырого молока от    |                                 | головная боль, боли  | Бактериоскопия крови,       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больных животных, |                                 | и болезненность        | мочи, цереброспинальной   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при разделке их      |                                 | мышц, боли в            | жидкости.                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | туш, обработке       |                                 | животе, тошнота,       | Бактериологическое           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животного сырья     |                                 | рвота, адинамия.       | исследование крови.          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лицо одутловатое и   | Биопроба на морских         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированное.    | свинках. Реакции               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Отмечаются              | микроагглютинации и          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемия                 | лизиса для обнаружения    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы склер,  | антител                              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | герпес. На 3—5-й      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | день появляется       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиморфная сыпь.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Печень и селезенка   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наблюдаются            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальные          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагические       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | проявления, боли в    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пояснице, олигурия.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно развитие   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | острой почечной        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточности. В   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | части случаев           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется желтуха  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Лимфоретикулез      | Бактерии Rothia      | Кошки                         | Передача                | От 3 до 60 дней       | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Неспецифический              |
| доброкачественный  | dentocariosa            |                                    | возбудителя в         | чаще 2—3 недели    | Температура тела     | (умеренный лейкоцитоз,     | лимфаденит, туляремия,   |
| (Лимфоретикулёз     |                                |                                    | результате              |                                 | повышается до 38—  | эозинофилия, увеличение  | бруцеллез, туберкулез       |
| доброкачественный) |                                |                                    | царапанья, укуса    |                                 | 39°, длительность     | СОЭ)                                  | лимфатических узлов,       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кошек                     |                                 | лихорадки до 2 нед.  |                                           | лимфогранулематоз,         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Отмечаются              |                                           | инфекционный                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль, боли  |                                           | мононуклеоз                      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в мышцах,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | высыпания на коже.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | В месте внедрения    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбудителя —          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | безболезненная         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | красноватая папула,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | которая часто            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нагнаивается.            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наиболее                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | постоянный симптом |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | — регионарный         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфаденит, чаще    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | локтевой,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | аксиллярный,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | паховый, реже           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиаденит.              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны нагноение |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфатического        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | узла, образование     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | свища, заживление   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | которого происходит  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в течение 2—3 мес.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны серозный  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингит, энцефалит |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Лямблиоз                 | Простейшие —        | Человек (больной,       | Путь передачи —    | От 10 до 15 дней      | Чаще протекает        | Исследование мазков         | Холецистит, энтерит,         |
|                                 | Lamblia intestinalis   | лямблионоситель),      | водный, пищевой,   |                                 | бессимптомно. В       | дуоденального                   | глистные инвазии              |
|                                 |                                | возможно, собака        | бытовой, а также    |                                 | ряде случаев            | содержимого                      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | через грязные руки |                                 | наблюдаются            | (обнаружение                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступообразные     | возбудителя)                      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли в животе,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тошнота,                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | неустойчивый стул,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | метеоризм                 |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Малярия                  | Plasmodium vivax,   | Человек — больной и  | Путь передачи —    | При трехдневной      | Начало острое или    | Исследование крови           | Грипп, острые                    |
|                                 | P. ovale                   | паразитоноситель       | трансмиссивный.    | малярии — от 1 до   | после                        | (анемия, лейкопения).         | респираторные вирусные   |
|                                 | (трехдневная          |                                    | Переносчики           | 21 дня при за           | продромального        | Повторная бактериоскопия | инфекции. Острые             |
|                                 | малярия), P.            |                                    | возбудителей —     | ражении кожным      | периода,                   | мазков и толстой капли      | кишечные инфекции,         |
|                                 | malariae                  |                                    | комары рода           | штаммом PI. vivax    | проявляющегося       | крови                                 | лептоспироз, желтая          |
|                                 | (четырехдневная     |                                    | Anopheles               | 6—14 месяцев при   | лихорадкой,              |                                           | лихорадка, тяжелые          |
|                                 | малярия), P.            |                                    |                               | заражении                | головной болью,        |                                           | формы вирусных               |
|                                 | falcipanim                |                                    |                               | северным штаммом  | ломотой в теле.        |                                           | гепатитов, брюшной тиф,   |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | PI. vivax при             | Через 3—4 дня —     |                                           | бруцеллез, сепсис,            |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | четырехдневной —  | приступ,                    |                                           | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | 14—42 дня при         | сопровождающийся  |                                           | лихорадки                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | тропической — 8—   | ознобом,                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | 31 день, чаще 9    | повышением              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               | 16 дней                    | температуры тела до |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 40—41°, гиперемией  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лица, одышкой,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбуждением,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бредом, головной      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болью, артериальной |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензией,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | поносом. Приступ      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заканчивается           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | критическим              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | падением                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температуры,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обильным                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | потоотделением.       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Длительность            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступа 6—10 ч.      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Приступы могут         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возникать через 1, 2  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дня или быть             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ежедневными. Кожа  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бледная, склеры        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | субиктеричны.           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Селезенка и печень   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны ранние      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | (через несколько       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недель) и поздние     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | (через 8—10 мес.)     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рецидивы. В ряде      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | случаев                     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | развиваются             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | желтуха, почечная    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | делирий, кома,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инфекционно-            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | токсический шок        |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Марбург лихорадка  | Вирус из                 | Обезьяны —               | Заражение              | От 2 до 16 дней       | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Другие геморрагические    |
| (см.                          | семейства               | Cercopithecus aethiops | происходит через   |                                 | Отмечаются              | (лейкопения, сдвиг             | лихорадки                         |
| Геморрагические      | Arenaviridae             | и больные люди          | кровь отделяемое   |                                 | высокая                    | формулы влево,                 |                                          |
| лихорадки)               |                                |                                    | носоглотки, мочу    |                                 | температура тела,     | атипичные лимфоциты,      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при попадании их    |                                 | головная боль, боли  | тромбоцитопения).              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | на поврежденную   |                                 | в спине и пояснице,   | Исследование мочи            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кожу и слизистые    |                                 | конъюнктивит,           | (протеинурия).                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | оболочки                 |                                 | энантема, гиперемия | Биохимические                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зева. На 3—4-й день  | исследования (повышение |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | — тошнота, рвота,     | активности                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | часто кровавая,         | аминотрансфераз).             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | понос. На 5—6-й        | Вирусологические              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | день — пятнисто-      | исследования. Реакция      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | папулезная сыпь. С   | непрямой                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 6—7-го дня                | иммунофлюоресценции      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагический       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | синдром, петехии,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоподтеки,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гематурия, носовые   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровотечения,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мелена. С 6-го дня    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шелушение кожи       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ладоней и подошв.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менинтеальные         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы, судороги, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | расстройства            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сознания                   |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Марсельская            | Риккетсии               | Предположительно     | Путь передачи —    | От 3 до 18 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Сыпной и брюшной тиф,    |
| лихорадка                | Rickettsia conorii      | собаки                        | трансмиссивный.    | чаще 3—7 дней        | Температура тела     | (лейкопения с                     | паратифы, сифилис           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Переносчик             |                                 | повышается с            | относительным                   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | собачий клещ         |                                 | ознобом до 38—40°;  | лимфоцитозом, СОЭ          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Rhipicephalus          |                                 | лихорадка                 | несколько увеличена).        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | sanguineus              |                                 | постоянная или         | Реакции связывания           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ремиттирующая,       | комплемента и непрямой    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | длительность ее 3—  | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 14 дней. Лицо,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы и кожа  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шеи умеренно           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы. На  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | месте укуса клеща    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | первичный аффект    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | — плотный                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | безболезненный        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инфильтрат с            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | некрозом, а затем и   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | струпом в центре,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | который отпадает на  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 4—5-й день               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нормальной               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температуры. При     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | этом образуется        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | язвочка,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | эпителизирующаяся  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | через 8—12 дней. На |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 2—4-й день болезни  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обнаруживается        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обильная пятнисто-   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | папулезная сыпь,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | которая сохраняется |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в течение                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадочного          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | периода. Часто         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены печень и  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенка                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Менингококковая      | Менингококк            | Человек — больной и  | Путь передачи —    | От 1 до 20 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Грипп, геморрагические     |
| инфекция                 | Neisseria                 | бактерионоситель       | воздушно-               | чаще 3—7 дней        | Появляются озноб,    | (нейтрофильный                 | лихорадки, сепсис,            |
|                                 | meningitidis             |                                    | капельный              |                                 | боли в мышцах,         | гиперлейкоцитоз со            | лептоспироз,                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температура тела      | сдвигом влево,                   | тромбоцитопеническая      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышается до          | увеличение СОЭ,               | пурпура, гнойные               |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 38,5—41°.                  | тромбоцитопения).              | вторичные менингиты,       |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наблюдаются            | Исследование                    | вирусные менингиты,         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль,          | цереброспинальной            | менингоэнцефалиты          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рвота, миалгия,         | жидкости (высокий             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагическая       | нейтрофильный плеоцитоз, |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь (на 1—2-й день | повышение содержания      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни),                   | белка, внутриклеточно —   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоизлияния в        | диплококки).                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы,            | Бактериологическое           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальный          | исследование крови и        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | синдром, артрит. В    | цереброспинальной            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тяжелых случаях —  | жидкости. Реакция             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инфекционно-            | непрямой                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | токсический шок,       | гемагглютинации.               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | острая почечная        | Встречный                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность,      | иммуноэлектрофорез (для  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кома, судорога          | обнаружения антигена)       |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Микоплазменные      | Микоплазма —        | Человек — больной и  | Путь передачи —    | От 7 до 14 дней       | Начало острое или    | Рентгенологическое           | Грипп, острые                    |
| инфекции                 | Mycoplasma            | носитель микоплазм    | воздушно-               |                                 | постепенное.             | исследование грудной        | респираторные вирусные   |
|                                 | pneumoniae, М.       |                                    | капельный              |                                 | Клиническая картина | клетки. Реакция                  | инфекции, Ку-лихорадка,   |
|                                 | hominis, Т-              |                                    |                               |                                 | полиморфна.             | связывания комплемента и | орнитоз, туберкулез           |
|                                 | микоплазмы            |                                    |                               |                                 | Температура тела     | непрямой гемагглютинации |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 37—39°.                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Развиваются ринит,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | фарингит, ларингит,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пневмония, плеврит.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Интоксикация            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | выражена слабо или  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | умеренно.                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Длительность            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни от 2—3 дней |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | до 1 мес.                   |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Мононуклеоз            | Вирус —                 | Человек — больной и  | Путь передачи —    | От 4 до 60 дней,      | Начало чаще             | Исследование крови           | Дифтерия, ангина другой   |
| инфекционный         | Эпстайна— Барр,   | вирусоноситель           | воздушно-               | чаще 7—10 дней      | постепенное.             | (лейкоцитоз,                       | этиологии, аденовирусная |
|                                 | из семейства          |                                    | капельный, а также |                                 | Появляются              | лимфомоноцитоз,               | инфекция, вирусные          |
|                                 | Herpesviridae           |                                    | при                         |                                 | недомогание и боли   | атипичные                          | гепатиты, брюшной тиф и  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | непосредственном  |                                 | в горле. Выявляются | Широкоплазменные            | паратифы,                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | контакте (поцелуи), |                                 | фарингит,                  | лимфоциты,                       | доброкачественный           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | через                      |                                 | катаральная,             | тромбоцитопения).              | лимфоретикулез,               |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | фолликулярная,        | Биохимические                  | лимфогранулематоз,         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | слюной предметы   |                                 | лакунарная или         | исследования (повышение  | острый лейкоз                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода                  |                                 | некротическая           | активности                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ангина. Лихорадка     | аминотрансфераз               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | от нескольких дней   | сыворотки, реже уровня     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | до 3—4 недель.         | билирубина). Реакция         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Увеличение               | Пауля — Буннелля             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфатических         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | узлов, особенно        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | латеральных             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шейных, увеличение  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенки и печени,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | иногда желтуха и      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диспептические         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | расстройства,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | высыпания на коже   |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Омская                    | Вирус —                 | Грызуны                      | Путь передачи —    | 2—4 дня                  | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Лептоспироз, сыпной тиф, |
| геморрагическая      | Haemorrhagogenes   | (преимущественно      | трансмиссивный.    |                                 | Температура тела     | (лейкопения,                       | менингококковая                |
| лихорадка                | sibiricus, из             | мышевидные)              | Переносчики           |                                 | высокая, лихорадка   | нейтрофильный сдвиг        | инфекция, сепсис, другие  |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | возбудителей —     |                                 | длится от 4 до 12      | влево, тромбоцитопения).   | геморрагические                |
|                                 | Bunyaviridae            |                                    | клещи Dennacentor  |                                 | дней, часто               | Вирусологические              | лихорадки,                        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | pictus, D.                |                                 | двугорбая                 | исследования (выделение  | геморрагический                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | marginatus              |                                 | температурная          | вируса из крови). Реакции  | васкулит,                           |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кривая. Отмечаются  | связывания комплемента и | тромбоцитопеническая      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | озноб, головная         | непрямой гемагглютинации | пурпура, вирусные            |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боль, миалгии. Лицо  |                                           | менингоэнцефалиты          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано.       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Склеры и                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инъецированы.          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны патехии,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | другие проявления    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоточивости,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пневмония,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингоэнцефалит    |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Орнитоз                   | Хламидии —           | Птицы — домашние и  | Пути передачи —    | От 6 до 25 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Грипп, острые                    |
|                                 | Chlamydia psittaci    | дикие птицы                | воздушно-               | чаще 8—12 дней      | Появляются озноб,    | (лейкопения, нормоцитоз,   | респираторные вирусные   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | капельный и            |                                 | головная боль,          | лейкоцитоз, раннее             | инфекции, легиоиеллез,     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | воэдушно-пылевой, |                                 | миалгии,                    | увеличение СОЭ).              | Ку-лихорадки, пневмония,  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возможно                |                                 | температура тела до | Рентгенологически —         | микоплазменная                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | заражение и при     |                                 | 38—39,5°, Сухой       | пневмония. Реакция           | инфекция брюшной и         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | непосредственном  |                                 | кашель, ларингит,      | связывания комплемента   | сыпной тиф, лептоспироз  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | соприкосновении с  |                                 | трахеобронхит. С      | (в титре 1: 16и выше после |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | птицами                  |                                 | 5—7-го дня — боли в | 10-го дня болезни).             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | грудной клетке,         | Внутрикожная проба с        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одышка,                    | орнитином                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продуктивный            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кашель,                     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | физикальные             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | признаки пневмонии. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Бессонница,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | адинамия,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головокружения,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингизм.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | (Селезенка и печень  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно острое,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затяжное и                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хроническое течение |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни                     |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Оспа натуральная    | Вирус —                 | Больной человек         | Пути передачи —    | От 7 до 15 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови (в       | Ветряная оспа                   |
|                                 | Strongyloplasma      |                                    | воздушно-               | чаще 10—12 дней    | Появляются озноб,    | период нагноения сыпи      |                                          |
|                                 | variolae, из              |                                    | капельный и            |                                 | боли в крестце,         | нейтрофильный                  |                                          |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | бытовой через        |                                 | рвота, температура   | лейкоцитоз). Реакция          |                                          |
|                                 | Poxviridae               |                                    | предметы обихода  |                                 | тела повышается до  | непрямой                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 40° и выше. Лицо,      | гемагглютинации.               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы,            | Микропреципитация в         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистая оболочка   | агаре. Электронная            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ротоглотки                 | микроскопия и метод          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы. На  | флюоресцирующих            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 2—3-й день               | антител.                             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется                | Вирусологические              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продромальная         | исследования (выделение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятнистая или           | вируса из крови,                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мелкоточечная сыпь, | элементов сыпи)                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | исчезающая в           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение 1—2 дней,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | На 4—5 день             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температура тела      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | снижается,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | состояние                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | улучшается.              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Одновременно          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется истинная |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь вначале на        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лице, затем на           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | туловище и               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностях.             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Элементы сыпи         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | имеют вид пятен,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затем папул, через    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 2—3 дня — везикул   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | с вдавлением в         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | центре, окруженных  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | венчиком гиперемии. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | С 7—8-го дня            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни элементы     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпи нагнаиваются,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | вновь повышается     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температура тела,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляются               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интоксикация, отек    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кожи, тахикардия.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одышка, бред.           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Элементы сыпи         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | также имеются на     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистых оболочках |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | глаз, носа,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ротоглотки,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дыхательных путей,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | уретры. На 15—17-й  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | день пустулы            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | подсыхают,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температура тела      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | снижается. Корки      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отпадают на 4—5-й   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | неделе болезни         |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Паратифы А и В       | Бактерии —            | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | От 2 до 21 дня,        | Начало подострое     | Бактериологические           | Брюшной тиф,                   |
|                                 | Saimonella               | бактерионоситель       | пищевой, водный,   | чаще 8—10 дней      | или острое.               | исследования                     | сальмонеллез,                   |
|                                 | paratyphi A u S.       |                                    | бытовой.                 |                                 | Температура тела     | (гемокультура,                   | инфекционный                   |
|                                 | schottmuelleri          |                                    | Заражение              |                                 | повышается до 38—  | копрокультура,                   | мононуклеоз, сыпной тиф, |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | 39°. Лихорадка          | уринокультура). Реакция    | сепсис, малярия, грипп,     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | продолжается от       | непрямой гемагглютинации | бруцеллез                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | нескольких дней до   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | 3—4 недель. Кожа     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода; |                                 | бледная с                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | фактором               |                                 | розеолезной,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | розеолезно-               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | инфекции могут      |                                 | папулезной сыпью,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | быть грязные руки,  |                                | которая появляется   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мухи                       |                                 | на 4—7-й день           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни. Язык           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обложен, селезенка   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и печень увеличены.  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | катаральные и           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диспептические         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | явления                     |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Паротит                   | Вирус —                 | Больной человек         | Пути передачи —    | От 11 до 23 дней,     | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Гнойный паротит,               |
| эпидемический        | Pneumophilus          |                                    | воздушно-               | чаще 5—20 дней,     | Температура тела     | (лейкопения, лимфоцитоз). | подчелюстной                    |
|                                 | parotitidis, из           |                                    | капельный и            | но иногда                 | повышается до 37—  | Биохимические                  | лимфаденит                      |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | бытовой, возможен | удлиняется до 26—  | 39°. Появляются        | исследования (повышение  | слюннокаменная болезнь,  |
|                                 | Paramyxoviridae      |                                    | через предметы      | 35 дней                    | боли в области уха,   | уровня амилазы крови и     | панкреатит, менингит         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода                  |                                 | отечность и               | диастазы мочи), Реакции    | орхит другой этиологии     |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненность в        | связывания комплемента и |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | области                     | непрямой гемагглютинации |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | околоушных, реже     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | подчелюстных           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слюнных желез,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | максимальная на 3— |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 5 день, к 7—10-му     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дню уменьшается.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лихорадка в течение |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 4—7 дней.                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны орхит,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | эпидидимит,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | панкреатит,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | серозный менингит    |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Полиомиелит            | Вирус —                 | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | От 2 до 35 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Коксаки, ЕСНО-инфекций, |
|                                 | Myelophilus hominis | вирусоноситель           | пищевой, водный,   | чаще 5—14 дней      | Температура тела     | (лейкопения, лимфоцитоз). | острый миелит,                  |
|                                 | из семейства          |                                    | бытовой, через       |                                 | повышается до 38—  | Исследование                    | полирадикулоневрит,         |
|                                 | Picornaviridae          |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | 40°. Отмечаются       | цереброспинальной            | клещевой энцефалит,        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | головная боль,          | жидкости (лимфоцитарный | ботулизм.                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | першение и боли в     | плеоцитоз, увеличение       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода, |                                 | горле, тошнота,         | содержания белка).            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | а также грязные      |                                 | рвота, боли в             | Выделение вируса из         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | руки; возможен и    |                                 | животе, запор.           | фекалий,                            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | воздушно-               |                                 | Выявляются              | цереброспинальной            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | капельный путь       |                                 | ригидность                | жидкости, смывов из          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | затылочных мышц,    | носоглотки, крови.              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы Кернига и  | Реакция связывания           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Брудзинского,           | комплемента, реакция        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | угнетение                  | нейтрализации вируса        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сухожильных             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рефлексов, вялые     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | параличи мышц         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | спины, шеи,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брюшной стенки,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностей,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | диафрагмы,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бульбарные               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | параличи,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дыхательная             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность       |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Псевдотуберкулез    | Бактерии —            | Многие                        | Пути передачи —    | От 2 до 18 дней       | Начало острое или    | Исследование крови           | Скарлатина, краснуха,       |
|                                 | Yersinia                   | млекопитающие и       | пищевой, водный.   | (чаще 5—7 дней)      | подострое.                | (умеренный лейкоцитоз,     | ревматизм, ревматоидный |
|                                 | pseudotuberculosis   | птицы — в природных | Заражение              |                                 | Температура тела     | увеличение СОЭ). Посев    | артрит, вирусные               |
|                                 |                                | очагах, в основном     | происходит чаще    |                                 | повышается до          | крови, кала,                        | гепатиты, сепсис,              |
|                                 |                                | грызуны; в                  | через                      |                                 | 38,5—39,5°.               | цереброспинальной            | сальмонеллез, пищевые    |
|                                 |                                | антропоургических      | загрязненные          |                                 | Лихорадка                 | жидкости. Реакции             | токсикоинфекции,              |
|                                 |                                | очагах — домовые      | грызунами воду и   |                                 | постоянного,             | агглютинации и непрямой   | иерсиниоз, ди-дизентерия, |
|                                 |                                | мыши, крысы, кошки,  | пищевые                 |                                 | неправильного,          | гемагглютинации                | брюшной тиф, паратифы   |
|                                 |                                | мелкий и крупный        | продукты, в т. ч.     |                                 | ремиттирующего       |                                           | А и В, инфекционный         |
|                                 |                                | рогатый скот, птицы    | через овощи,          |                                 | типа, продолжается   |                                           | мононуклеоз, острый         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные при    |                                 | от нескольких дней   |                                           | аппендицит                        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | хранении в              |                                 | до 2—3 недель и       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | овощехранилищах  |                                 | более. Ознобы,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | и не подвергшиеся  |                                 | катаральные              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | термической           |                                 | явления, миалгия,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обработке               |                                 | артралгия. Тошнота,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рвота, понос, боли в  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | правой подвздошной |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | области. Сыпь           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | розеолезная,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | эритематозная,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | папулезная,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | уртикарная,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | узловатая эритема.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наиболее частая       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | локализация сыпи:     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боковая поверхность |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | груди, низ живота,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | медиальная               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | поверхность              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностей, вблизи  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | суставов. Лицо,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ладони, стопы           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | жжение кожи.            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лимфаденит,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | полиаденит. Артриты |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и полиартриты.          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Селезенка и печень   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены. Иногда    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отмечаются               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | желтуха, миокардит.  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | волнообразное и        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рецидивирующее      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение                     |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Рожа                        | Гемолитический      | Человек больной и      | Заражение              | От нескольких          | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Флегмона, тромбофлебит,  |
|                                 | стрептококк группы | бактерионоситель        | происходит через   | часов до 3—5 дней  | Появляются озноб,    | (выраженный                      | узловатая эритема,           |
|                                 | А                            | стрептококка               | загрязненное          |                                 | головная боль,          | нейтрофильный                  | экзема, дерматит, кожная  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | белье, одежду,       |                                 | миалгия, рвота,         | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       | форма сибирской язвы      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | полотенца, руки.     |                                 | температура тела      | влево, увеличение СОЭ).    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Возможен и            |                                 | повышается до 38—  | Выделение возбудителя из |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | воздушно-               |                                 | 40°. Одновременно    | крови, из очага поражения. |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | капельный путь       |                                 | или вскоре                | Иммунологические             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | возникает чувство     | исследования (повышение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (особенно при роже |                                 | жжения кожи в очаге | титров                                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | лица)                      |                                 | поражения, который  | противострептококковых     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | имеет вид розового   | антител)                             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятна, быстро            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличивается в        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | размерах,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | становится                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интенсивно-красным. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Кожа в зоне               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | поражения горячая,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | блестящая, мягкие    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ткани отечны. Очаг    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | резко отграничен от   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | окружающей кожи.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Отмечается               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | регионарный              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфаденит.             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наиболее частая       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | локализация —          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | голень, лицо.             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Длительность 7—12  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней. Возможны        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рецидивы                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ротавирусный          | Вирус из                 | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | От 1 до 5 дней         | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Холера, сальмонеллез,      |
| гастроэнтерит          | семейства               | вирусоноситель          | пищевой, водный,   |                                 | Температура тела до | (лейкопения),                      | пищевые                           |
|                                 | Reoviridae               |                                    | бытовой.                 |                                 | 38—38,5°. Обильный  | Иммунофлюоресцентный   | токсикоинфекции,              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Заражение              |                                 | жидкий стул с           | метод и электронная          | энтеровирусная инфекция |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | резким запахом без   | микроскопия (обнаружение |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | патологических         | возбудителя в                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | примесей до 10—15  | испражнениях). Реакция     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | раз в сутки, рвота,    | связывания комплемента.  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода, |                                 | метеоризм, урчание  | Иммуноферментный           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | а также грязные      |                                 | в животе. Возможно  | анализ                                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | руки                        |                                 | обезвоживание          |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сальмонеллез (        | Бактерии — из        | Крупный и мелкий       | Путь передачи —    | От 6 ч до 3 сут.,       | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Пищевая                           |
| Сальмонеллёз)         | рода Salmonella (S. | рогатый скот, свиньи,  | пищевой.                | чаще 12—24 ч          | Появляются озноб,    | (умеренный                        | токсикоинфекция,              |
|                                 | typhimurium, S.        | куры, утки, гуси,         | Заражение              |                                 | головная боль и         | нейтрофильный                  | ботулизм, холера,              |
|                                 | heidelberg, S.           | голуби и т. п., а также | происходит чаще    |                                 | головокружение,        | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       | дизентерия, ротавирусный |
|                                 | enteritidis, S.           | человек — больной и  | при употреблении    |                                 | температура тела      | формулы влево).                | гастроэнтерит,                   |
|                                 | london, S. anatum,   | бактерионоситель       | неправильно           |                                 | повышается до 38—  | Исследование рвотных       | энтеровирусная                 |
|                                 | S. newport, S. derby |                                    | кулинарно               |                                 | 39° и более.               | масс, промывных вод         | инфекция, отравление       |
|                                 | и др.)                      |                                    | обработанных или   |                                 | Отмечаются боли в   | желудка, фекалий с целью | грибами, ботулизм,            |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненных          |                                 | мышцах,                    | выделения возбудителя.    | отравления химическими   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мясных, яичных      |                                 | тахикардия.               | Реакции агглютинации и     | веществами, острые          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | блюд                      |                                 | Одновременно          | непрямой гемагглютинации | хирургические                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возникают боли в      |                                           | заболевания органов         |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | эпи- и мезогастрии,   |                                           | брюшной полости,             |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тошнота,                   |                                           | внематочная                      |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | многократная рвота,  |                                           | беременность, инфаркт     |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | частый водянистый   |                                           | миокарда                           |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зловонный стул с      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зеленью.                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Обезвоживание,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия. При         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | генерализованной      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | форме —                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличение               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенки и печени,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия, иногда |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | розеолезная сыпь,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадка длится до |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 2—3 недель              |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сап                          | Бактерии —            | Домашние животные   | Заражение              | Чаще 1—5 дней       | Начало острое.          | Реакции связывания           | Сепсис, мелиоидоз            |
|                                 | Pseudomonas          | (лошади, ослы, мулы,  | происходит при       | иногда до 3 недель  | Отмечаются озноб,   | комплемента и                   |                                          |
|                                 | mallei                      | верблюды)                  | уходе за больным   |                                 | головная боль,          | агглютинации. Выделение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животным и            |                                 | артралгия, миалгия.   | культуры возбудителя из    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | соприкосновении с  |                                 | На месте внедрения  | гнойного отделяемого язв,  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненными        |                                 | возбудителя              | абсцессов, крови. Кожная  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | объектами (фураж, |                                 | образуется папула,   | аллергическая проба с       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | солома и т. п.).       |                                 | которая быстро         | маллеином                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Возбудители           |                                 | превращается в        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | проникают через     |                                 | пустулу и язву.         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | слизистые               |                                 | Затем появляются     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | оболочки                 |                                 | абсцессы в легких,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | дыхательных путей |                                 | мышцах, мягких        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | и желудочно-          |                                 | тканях. Гектическая  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кишечного тракта,   |                                 | лихорадка, падение   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | через конъюнктиву  |                                | АД. Возможно           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хроническое течение |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | с лихорадкой             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | неправильного типа,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | множественными       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пустулами и              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гнойными                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | процессами во          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | внутренних органах   |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Североазиатский      | Риккетсии —           | Грызуны — полевки,   | Путь передачи —    | От 2 до 7 дней         | Начало острое.          | Реакция связывания           | Грипп, пневмония,             |
| клещевой                 | Rickettsia sibirica     | полевые и лесные       | трансмиссивный.    |                                 | Отмечаются озноб,   | комплемента и реакция      | клещевой энцефалит,        |
| риккетсиоз               |                                | мыши, домовые          | Переносчики           |                                 | жар, головная боль,   | непрямой гемагглютинации | геморрагическая                |
|                                 |                                | мыши, суслики,           | возбудителей —     |                                 | миалгия,                    | со специфическим             | лихорадка с почечным       |
|                                 |                                | хомяки, бурундуки      | иксодовые клещи    |                                 | температура тела      | антигеном с 5—7-го дней    | синдромом, лихорадка      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Dermacentor            |                                 | повышается до 39—  | болезни                              | цуцугамуши                       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | nuttalli, D. pictus, D. |                                 | 40°. Характерна         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | silvarum и др.          |                                 | ремиттирующая        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадка                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | длительностью 7—    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 10 дней. Лицо            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одутловатое              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемия слизистой |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | оболочки ротоглотки. |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | В месте укуса клеща |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | первичный аффект с |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | регионарным             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфаденитом,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | розеолезно-               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | папулезная сыпь.      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наблюдаются            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | относительная           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | брадикардия,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | адинамия,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличение печени,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | реже селезенки         |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сибирская язва        | Бактерии —            | Домашние и дикие      | Заражение              | От несколькио          | Начало острое. При   | Бактериоскопия мазка        | Карбункул, фурункул,        |
|                                 | Bacillus anthracis     | копытные животные    | происходит при       | часов до 12 дней     | кожной форме:          | отделяемого язвы,             | пневмония, сепсис, рожа,  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | соприкосновении с  | чаще 2—3 дня         | красное пятно,          | мокроты. Выделение          | чума, туляремия, сап,       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больными               |                                 | которое                     | культуры возбудителя из    | дизентерия, перитонит,      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животными,            |                                 | превращается в        | крови, мокроты,                  | менингоэнцефалит            |
|                                 |                                |                                    | сырьем (кожа,         |                                 | папулу, затем            | отделяемого язвы.             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | шерсть, овчина и    |                                 | везикулу, пустулу и   | Заражение лабораторных   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | др.); пищевым        |                                 | язву, покрытую         | животных. Внутрикожная    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | путем — при           |                                 | темной коркой,          | аллергическая проба с       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | употреблении          |                                 | окруженную зоной     | антраксином                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | недостаточно          |                                 | гиперемии; резкий     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | термически             |                                 | отек мягких тканей.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обработанного        |                                 | По периферии в        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мяса; воздушно-     |                                 | виде венчика             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пылевым — при      |                                 | располагаются          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вдыхании пыли,      |                                 | вторичные пустулы.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | содержащей споры |                                 | Характерно               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей;         |                                 | отсутствие болевой   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | трансмиссивным     |                                 | чувствительности в   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | — переносчиками   |                                 | области язвы и в       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей          |                                 | зоне отека.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | являются мухи       |                                 | Регионарный             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (жигалки, слепни)    |                                 | лимфаденит.             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Температура тела     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышена до 38—     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 40° и более со 2—3   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дня болезни. При       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | генерализованной      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | форме —                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипертермия,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | катаральные              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | явления, боли в         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | груди, одышка,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | цианоз, тахикардия,  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | коллапс,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровянистая              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мокрота, пневмония.  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Селезенка и печень   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможны понос,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рвота, метеоризм      |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Скарлатина              | Токсигенные           | Больной человек         | Пути передачи —    | 1—12 дней, чаще     | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Иерсиниоз, токсико-           |
|                                 | гемолитические       |                                    | воздушно-               | 2—7 дней                 | Появляется озноб,     | (нейтрофильный                 | аллергический дерматит    |
|                                 | стрептококки           |                                    | капельный, а также |                                 | температура тела в   | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       |                                          |
|                                 | группы А                 |                                    | через                      |                                 | течение нескольких   | влево, увеличение СОЭ).    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | часов повышается     | В качестве                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы и             |                                 | до 38—40°, рвота,     | вспомогательных методов  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые продукты  |                                | головная боль.          | используют определение    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | (например, молоко) |                                 | Яркая гиперемия       | титров антистрептолизина- |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | зева, отечность         | О и                                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | небных миндалин и   | антистрептогиалуронидазы |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | налеты на них. К       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | концу 1-х, на 2-е        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сутки на фоне           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемии кожи         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возникает обильная   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мелкоточечная сыпь, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | часто с                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагическим       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | компонентом,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | особенно                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | интенсивная в           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кожных складках.      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможен зуд.          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Бледный носогубный |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | треугольник, белый   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дермографизм,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | «малиновый язык».    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличение печени и |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенки.                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Тахикардия.              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Лихорадочный           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | период                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | продолжается 5—7    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней. На 2-й неделе  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни                     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пластинчатое            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шелушение кожи       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кистей и стоп            |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Столбняк                  | Бактерии —            | Травоядные                | Заражение              | От нескольни часов  | Начало подострое     | Выделение возбудителя из | Бешенство, менингит,        |
|                                 | Clostridium tetani     | животные, свиньи,      | происходит только  | до 1 месяца чаще    | или острое.               | раны                                  | энцефалит, истерия,          |
|                                 |                                | крысы, мыши,             | парентерально —    | 6—14 дней               | Последовательно      |                                           | эпилепсия, отравление      |
|                                 |                                | кролики, а также         | при загрязнении      |                                 | появляются тризм     |                                           | стрихнином                       |
|                                 |                                | человек                       | почвой, пылью        |                                 | (сжатие челюстей),    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | любых                    |                                 | тоническое                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | повреждений кожи, |                                 | напряжение               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | но главным             |                                 | мимических мышц,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | образом ран с         |                                 | затруднение              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | большой зоной        |                                 | глотания, тоническое |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | повреждения          |                                 | напряжение мышц     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | тканей, а также       |                                 | затылка, груди,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | тяжелых                 |                                 | диафрагмы, спины    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | отморожений          |                                 | (опистотонус), мышц  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | плеч и бедер. Через  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 1—5 дней                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | развиваются             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приступы                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | генерализованных     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судорог. Мышечные  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли, потливость,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахикардия,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затруднение              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дыхания,                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затруднение              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мочеиспускания и     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дефекации.               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Сознание сохранено, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | температура тела      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышена,                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сухожильные             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рефлексы оживлены, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | имеются                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальные          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы                  |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Сыпной тиф             | Риккетсии —           | Больной человек         | Путь передачи —    | 5—25 дней, чаще     | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Грипп, менингококковая     |
| эпидемический        | Rickettsia                |                                    | трансмиссивный.    | 10—12 дней             | Появляются              | (умеренный                        | инфекция,                         |
|                                 | prowazekii               |                                    | Переносчик             |                                 | интенсивная              | нейтрофильный                  | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей —     |                                 | головная боль,          | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       | лихорадки, брюшной тиф,  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | вошь,                      |                                 | бессонница,              | формулы влево, СОЭ         | трихинеллез, крупозная     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | преимущественно   |                                 | температура тела к   | умеренно увеличена).         | пневмония                         |
|                                 |                                |                                    | платяная. Человек  |                                 | 3—4-му дню болезни | Реакции агглютинации,       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | заражается при       |                                 | повышается до 39—  | непрямой гемагглютинации |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | попадании              |                                 | 40°. Общая                | и связывания комплемента |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | фекалий вшей в      |                                 | продолжительность   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | царапинки кожи       |                                 | лихорадочного          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при расчесах          |                                 | периода 12—14         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней. Лицо                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одутловатое,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инъецированы. С 3— |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 4-го дня болезни на   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | переходной складке  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктив               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обнаруживаются       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | темно-красные пятна |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Киари — Авцына,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | положительны           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы щипка и    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | жгута. Язык               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | обложен. Печень и    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенка                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Отмечаются              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбуждение, бред,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тремор рук и языка,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальные          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы. На 46-й |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | день появляется       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | розеолезно-               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | петехиальная сыпь.   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Характерны               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахикардия,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия, глухость |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тонов сердца             |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Токсикоинфекции     | Протей (Proteus       | Больные гнойными      | Путь передачи —    | От 2 до 48 ч             | Начало острое.          | Бактериологические           | Хорела, сальмонеллез,      |
| пищевые                  | vulgaris, P.              | инфекциями,               | пищевой.                |                                 | Появляются боли      | исследования (выделение  | дизентерия, иерсиниоз,     |
|                                 | mirabilis),                 | бактерионосители и     | Заражение              |                                 | схваткообразного      | возбудителя из остатков    | ротавирусная инфекция,    |
|                                 | энтерококк              | животные (крупный и   | происходит через   |                                 | характера в эпи- и     | подозрительного пищевого | кампилобактериоз,             |
|                                 | (Streptococcus         | мелкий рогатый скот,  | пищевые продукты  |                                 | мезогастрии,             | продукта, рвотных масс и  | энтеровирусная                 |
|                                 | faecalis), бактерии   | лошади и др.)              | (особенно мясо от   |                                 | метеоризм, урчание  | промывных вод желудка,    | инфекция, острые              |
|                                 | рода Citrobacter,      |                                    | больных и               |                                 | в животе, тошнота,    | фекалий). Реакция             | отравления химическими   |
|                                 | Hafnia, Klebsiella,    |                                    | ослабленных           |                                 | рвота, частый            | агглютинации с                   | веществами, грибами,       |
|                                 | Pseudomonas,         |                                    | животных), а также |                                 | жидкий водянистый   | аутоштаммом                     | острые хирургические       |
|                                 | споровые аэробы    |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | стул. Одновременно  |                                           | заболевания органов         |
|                                 | (Вас. cereus),          |                                    | продукты,               |                                 | или на 1—2 часа       |                                           | брюшной полости              |
|                                 | споровые анаэробы |                                    | загрязненные в       |                                 | раньше озноб,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 | (Clostridium             |                                    | процессе                |                                 | головная боль,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 | perfringens)              |                                    | приготовления,       |                                 | повышение                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | транспортировки,    |                                 | температуры тела.    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | хранения и              |                                 | Возможны                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | реализации             |                                 | обезвоживание,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги, коллапс     |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Туляремия               | Бактерии —            | Больные животные, в  | Заражение              | От нескольких          | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Чума, сибирская язва,       |
|                                 | Francisella               | основном мелкие        | происходит при       | часов до 3 недель,   | Появляются озноб,    | (умеренная лейкопения,     | брюшной и сыпной тиф,     |
|                                 | tularensis                 | млекопитающие —      | соприкосновении с  | чаще 3—7 дней        | резкая головная        | относительный                   | бруцеллез,                         |
|                                 |                                | водяная и                   | больными               |                                 | боль, боли в в           | лимфомоноцитоз,               | доброкачественный           |
|                                 |                                | обыкновенная             | животными, а          |                                 | мышцах,                    | увеличение СОЭ).              | лимфоретикулез,               |
|                                 |                                | полевки, домовая        | также пищевым и    |                                 | головокружение.        | Внутрикожная                    | неспецифический              |
|                                 |                                | мышь, ондатра, заяц   | водным путем         |                                 | Температура тела     | аллергическая проба с       | лимфаденит, ангина          |
|                                 |                                | и др.                           | через                      |                                 | повышается до 38—  | тулярином. Реакции           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | 40°. Лихорадка          | агглютинации и непрямой   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые продукты  |                                | ремиттирующая,       | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | или воду;                |                                 | длительность            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | воздушно-пылевым |                                 | лихорадочного          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при обмолоте          |                                 | периода 2—3 нед.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | зараженного хлеба; |                                 | Отмечается               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | трансмиссивным     |                                 | гиперемия лица,        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кровососущими      |                                 | склер и конъюнктив.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | членистоногими —  |                                 | Селезенка и печень   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | комарами,               |                                 | увеличены.                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | слепнями,               |                                 | Лимфаденит             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | иксодовыми            |                                 | (бедренный,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | клещами                 |                                 | паховый,                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | аксиллярный,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шейный,                    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | подчелюстной) с       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возможным               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нагноением и             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | образованием            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | свищей. Возможны    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бронхаденит,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пневмония,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивит,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ангина, первичный     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | аффект в виде          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | безболезненной язвы |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в месте внедрения    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбудителя при        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | трансмиссивном        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заражении                 |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Флеботомная           | Вирус из                 | Больной человек         | Путь передачи —    | От 3 до 9 дней,        | Начало острое,          | Исследование крови           | Грипп, малярия,                 |
| лихорадка                | семейства               |                                    | трансмиссивный.    | чаще 4—5 дней        | бурное. Температура | (лейкопения,                       | лептоспироз, риккетсиозы, |
|                                 | Bunyaviridae            |                                    | Переносчик             |                                 | тела в течение          | лимфомоноцитоз).              | денге                                 |
|                                 |                                |                                    | возбудителей —     |                                 | нескольких часов      | Реакции нейтрализации,     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | москиты рода         |                                 | повышается до 39—  | связывания комплемента и |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Phlebotomus (Ph.    |                                 | 40°, появляются        | торможения                        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | papatasii, Ph.          |                                 | озноб, головная         | гемагглютинации                |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | sergenti и др.)         |                                 | боль, боли в глазных |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | яблоках, мышцах,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | суставах. Лицо          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одутловатое,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отмечается               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемия склер и     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктив.              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наблюдаются            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбуждение, бред,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингизм                 |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Холера                     | Vibrio cholerae         | Человек — больной,    | Пути передачи —    | От нескольких          | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Пищевые                           |
|                                 |                                | вибриононоситель       | водный, пищевой,   | часов до 5 дней,      | Возникает                 | (лейкоцитоз).                      | токсикоинфекции,              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | бытовой.                 | чаще 1—3 дня         | внезапный позыв на  | Биохимические                   | дизентерия, ротавирусный |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Заражение              |                                 | дефекацию, стул       | исследования (признаки     | гастроэнтерит,                   |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | жидкий, обильный,    | сгущения крови,                 | энтеровирусная                 |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные воду, |                                 | каловый, затем          | метаболический ацидоз,     | инфекция, отравление       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищевые                 |                                 | водянистый, мутно-   | нарушение концентрации    | грибами, солями тяжелых  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты,               |                                 | белый без запаха.     | электролитов).                    | металлов                           |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы обихода; |                                 | Позже появляется     | Бактериологическое           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | фактором               |                                 | обильная рвота         | исследование                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи могут       |                                 | сначала пищей,         | испражнений и рвотных      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | быть грязные руки,  |                                | затем водянистой      | масс                                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мухи                       |                                 | жидкостью,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | многократная.           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Наблюдаются            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | жажда, сухость кожи |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и слизистых              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | оболочек, снижение   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тургора тканей,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тахикардия, одышка, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | анурия                      |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Хориоменингит         | Вирус                     | Домовая мышь, вирус | Пути передачи —    | От 6 до 13 дней       | Начало острое.          | Исследование                    | Другие вирусные               |
| лимфоцитарный       |                                | обнаружен также у      | пищевой, водный,   |                                 | Температура тела     | цереброспинальной            | серозные менингиты,         |
|                                 |                                | собак, хомяков,           | бытовой.                 |                                 | повышается до          | жидкости (высокий — до    | туберкулезный менингит,   |
|                                 |                                | морских свинок           | Заражение              |                                 | 38,5—39°,                  | 2000 в/мкл                          | лептоспироз, орнитоз,        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | Появляются боли в    | лимфоцитарный                 | сыпной тиф, грипп             |
|                                 |                                |                                    | загрязненные          |                                 | мышцах,                    | плеоцитоз, увеличение       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | мышами пищевые   |                                 | катаральные              | содержания белка).            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продукты, воду,      |                                 | явления, резкая         | Вирусологические              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | предметы               |                                 | головная боль,          | исследования (выделение  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | домашнего              |                                 | повторная рвота, на  | вируса из                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | обихода; возможен |                                 | 2—3-й день               | цереброспинальной            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | также воздушно-     |                                 | менингеальные          | жидкости и крови).             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пылевой путь          |                                 | симптомы.                 | Реакции                             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | Возможна очаговая   | иммунофлюоресценции      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | неврологическая       | или связывания                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптоматика.           | комплемента                      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Продолжительность  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадки от 3—5     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней до 2—3 нед. и   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | более, длительность  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальных          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомов 2—3         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недели и более          |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Цуцугамуши             | Риккетсии —           | Мышевидные              | Путь передачи —    | От 5 до 21 дня,        | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Сыпной тиф, другие          |
|                                 | Rickettsia orientalis  | грызуны, сумчатые,    | трансмиссивный.    | чаще 7—11 дней      | Появляются озноб,    | (умеренный                        | риккетсиозы,                     |
|                                 |                                | насекомоядные           | Переносчики           |                                 | жар, головная боль,   | нейтрофильный                  | псевдотуберкулез,             |
|                                 |                                | животные                    | возбудителей —     |                                 | боль в глазных          | лейкоцитоз). Реакции          | геморрагические                |
|                                 |                                |                                    | личинки                  |                                 | яблоках, мышцах и    | связывания комплемента и | лихорадки, денге,              |
|                                 |                                |                                    | краснотелковых      |                                 | суставах.                  | агглютинации. Выделение  | токсико-аллергический       |
|                                 |                                |                                    | клещей                   |                                 | Температура тела     | возбудителя путем             | дерматит                           |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | повышается до 39—  | заражения кровью              |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 40°.                           | больного белых мышей       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Продолжительность  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лихорадки 14—16      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | дней. Лицо                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемировано,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одутловатое,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемия                 |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктивы, склер.  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Первичный аффект   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в месте укуса клеща |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | в виде инфильтрата, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | покрытого черной      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | коркой, полиаденит.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Селезенка и печень   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены. На 4—7-  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | й день болезни          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | появляется                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пятнисто-папулезная |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сыпь. Отмечаются    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | головная боль,          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бессонница,              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | эйфория, мышечный  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тремор,                     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | приглушенность        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тонов сердца,            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия                |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Чума                        | Бактерии —            | В природных очагах    | Пути передачи —    | От нескольких          | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Сибирская язва,                |
|                                 | Yersinia pestis         | основные источники    | трансмиссивный,    | часов до 6 сут., у     | Появляются сильный | (нейтрофильный                 | туляремия, гнойный           |
|                                 |                                | инфекции сурки,         | переносчики           | вакцинированных     | озноб, головная         | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       | лимфаденит, крупозная     |
|                                 |                                | суслики, песчанки,      | возбудителей —     | до 8—10 сут. и         | боль, боли в              | формулы влево,                 | пневмония                         |
|                                 |                                | возможно заражение   | блохи; воздушно-    | более                       | мышцах.                    | увеличение СОЭ).              |                                          |
|                                 |                                | и от мышевидных        | капельный,             |                                 | Температуря тела     | Рентгенологически —         |                                          |
|                                 |                                | грызунов и                  | пищевой, бытовой   |                                 | повышается до 38—  | пневмония.                         |                                          |
|                                 |                                | зайцеобразных. В        |                               |                                 | 40°. Возбуждение,     | Бактериологическое           |                                          |
|                                 |                                | синантропных очагах  |                                |                                 | гиперемия лица,        | исследование пунктата      |                                          |
|                                 |                                | — крысы (серая и       |                               |                                 | конъюнктивит. Язык  | бубона, содержимого          |                                          |
|                                 |                                | черная), реже              |                               |                                 | сухой, отечный,         | пустул, язв, крови,             |                                          |
|                                 |                                | домовая мышь,           |                               |                                 | покрыт белым            | мокроты. Биопроба на        |                                          |
|                                 |                                | кошки, верблюды. В    |                               |                                 | налетом.                   | морских свинках и белых   |                                          |
|                                 |                                | антропонозных очагах |                               |                                 | Тахикардия,              | мышах. Реакции                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                | — больной человек     |                               |                                 | аритмия,                   | связывания комплемента и |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | выраженная              | непрямой                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | артериальная            | гемагглютинации.               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гипотензия, глухость | Экспресс-методы               |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тонов сердца,            | диагностики                       |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одышка. Печень и     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | селезенка                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены. Часто      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бессонница, бред,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | галлюцинации. В       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | месте внедрения       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возбудителя              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненная              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пустула, затем язва.  |                                          |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | При бубонной форме |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | отмечается резкая    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненность в        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | области регионарных |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | лимфатических         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | узлов (паховых,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | подмышечных и др.), |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | которые резко           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | увеличены,                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезненны, спаяны  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | между собой и          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | окружающими           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | тканями. Кожа над    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | ними багрово-            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | синюшная. После      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | вскрытия бубона       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | образуется свищ,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | затем язва. При         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | легочной форме —    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли в груди, кашель |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | с кровянистой           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мокротой, цианоз,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | одышка, сердечно-    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | легочная                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | недостаточность,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кома                          |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Эболы                      | Вирус из                 | Больной человек         | Заражение              | От 2 до 16 дней       | Начало внезапное.    | Исследование крови           | Другие геморрагические    |
| геморрагическая      | семейства               |                                    | происходит через   |                                 | Появляются              | (лейкопения, затем             | лихорадки                         |
| лихорадка — см.      | Arenaviridae             |                                    | кровь,                     |                                 | интенсивная              | лейкоцитоз со сдвигом       |                                          |
| Геморрагические      |                                |                                    | испражнения при    |                                 | головная боль, боли  | формулы влево).                |                                          |
| лихорадки                |                                |                                    | попадании их на     |                                 | в суставах, мышцах. | Вирусологические и            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | поврежденную        |                                 | Температура тела     | серологические                  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | кожу или                 |                                 | 38—40°. Боли в         | исследования                     |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | слизистые               |                                 | груди, сухой кашель, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | оболочки.                |                                 | сухость слизистой     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Возможен               |                                 | оболочки зева. Со     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | воздушно-               |                                 | 2—3-го дня                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | капельный путь       |                                 | отмечаются боли в    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | передачи                |                                 | животе, рвота,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | частый обильный       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | стул с кровью.          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Обезвоживание. С     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | 3—4-го дня болезни   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | геморрагические       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | проявления в виде    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | носовых,                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | желудочных,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | маточных, кишечных |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровотечений,           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кровоточивости         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистой оболочки   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рта. На 6—7-й день   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни появляется   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | кореподобная сыпь.  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | При благоприятном    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | исходе                      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | длительность            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | болезни 10—12 дней  |                                          |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Энцефалит               | Вирус —                 | Млекопитающие и       | Путь передачи —    | От 8 до 23 дней,      | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Грипп, лептоспироз,           |
| клещевой                 | Encephalophilus       | птицы                          | трансмиссивный.    | чаще 10—14 дней    | Появляется озноб,     | (умеренный лейкоцитоз со  | серозные менингиты,         |
|                                 | silvestris, из            |                                    | Переносчики           |                                 | температура тела      | сдвигом формулы влево,   | комариные энцефалиты,    |
|                                 | семейства               |                                    | возбудителей —     |                                 | повышается до 38—  | лимфопения, увеличение   | полиомиелит,                     |
|                                 | Togaviridae              |                                    | иксодовые клещи,   |                                 | 39°. Длительность     | СОЭ). Исследование          | полирадикулоневрит          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | lxodes persulcatus,  |                                 | лихорадки 3—14        | цереброспинальной            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | I. ricinus,                 |                                 | дней, возможна         | жидкости (лимфоцитарный |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Dermacentor            |                                 | двухволновая            | плеоцитоз до 100—200 в 1  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | silvarum,                 |                                 | лихорадка. С             мкл, увеличение                 |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Haemophysalis        |                                 | первого дня               | содержания белка).            |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | concinna.                |                                 | отмечаются               | Реакции связывания           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | Возможно               |                                 | головная боль, боли  | комплемента, непрямой      |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | заражение людей    |                                 | во всем теле,            | гемагглютинации и             |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | через молоко          |                                 | разбитость, тошнота, | нейтрализации                    |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | коров, коз               |                                 | рвота, нарушение      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сна. Кожа лица, шеи, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | груди, слизистая       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | оболочка ротоглотки  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперемированы,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | инъекция склер и       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктив.              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Менингеальный         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | синдром.                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Заторможенность,     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сонливость,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | спутанность              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сознания, бред,         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | гиперкинезы, вялые   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | параличи верхних      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конечностей и           |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | шейно-плечевой        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мускулатуры с          |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | атрофией мышц,       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли по ходу             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нервных стволов,      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | парестезии,               |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | нарушение                |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | чувствительности.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Возможно                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | хроническое              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | прогрессирующее     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение болезни        |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Энцефалит               | Вирус из                 | Дикие и домашние      | Путь передачи —    | От 4 до 21 дня,        | Начало острое,          | Исследование крови           | Вирусные                          |
| комариный               | семейства               | птицы, свиньи             | трансмиссивный.    | чаще 8—14 дней      | возможен короткий    | (нейтрофильный                 | менингоэнцефалиты и       |
| (японский) — см.      | Togaviridae              |                                    | Переносчики           |                                 | продромальный         | лейкоцитоз, лимфопения,   | энцефалиты                      |
| Энцефалиты            |                                |                                    | возбудителей          |                                 | период. Появляются  | увеличение СОЭ).              | (герпетический, клещевой  |
| комариные               |                                |                                    | комары Culex          |                                 | озноб, головная         | Исследование                    | и др.), гнойные                  |
|                                 |                                |                                    | tritaeniorhynchus, а  |                                 | боль, боли во всем    | цереброспинальной            | менингоэнцефалиты          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | также другие          |                                 | теле, тошнота,           | жидкости (лимфоцитарный |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | комары рода Culex  |                                 | сонливость, рвота,    | плеоцитоз). Реакции           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | в различных            |                                 | потливость. На 3—4- | связывания комплемента,   |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | регионах                 |                                 | й день выявляются   | непрямой гемагглютинации |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | менингеальные          | и нейтрализации в парных  |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | симптомы, миоз,       | сыворотках                        |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | анизокория, тризм,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | бред, агрессивность, |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | судороги,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | патологические         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рефлексы, кома        |                                           |                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ящур                       | Вирус из                 | Крупный рогатый         | Путь передачи —    | От 2 до 12 дней       | Начало острое.          | Исследование крови           | Афтозный стоматит,          |
|                                 | семейства               | скот, реже свиньи,      | пищевой при           | чаще 3—5, редко     | Появляются озноб,    | (лейкопения,                       | ветряная оспа,                  |
|                                 | Picornaviridae          | овцы, козы                  | употреблении в       | до 15 дней               | головная боль, боли  | эозинофилия).                    | герпангина.                        |
|                                 |                                |                                    | пищу молочных      |                                 | в мышцах, костях, в  | Биологическая проба на     | энтеровирусные болезни с |
|                                 |                                |                                    | продуктов от           |                                 | пояснице.                  | морских свинках. Реакции  | поражением слизистой      |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больных животных; |                                 | Температура тела     | связывания комплемента и | оболочки рта                     |
|                                 |                                |                                    | заражение              |                                 | повышена до 38—     | непрямой гемагглютинации |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | происходит также   |                                 | 39,5°, длительность   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | при уходе за           |                                 | лихорадки 6—9         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | больными               |                                 | дней. Через 1—2       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    | животными             |                                 | дня отмечаются        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | сухость и жжение во |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рту, рези при             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | мочеиспускании.       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Слизистая оболочка  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | рта гиперемирована  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | и отечна. На губах,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | твердом и мягком      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | небе, слизистой         |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | оболочке языка и       |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | щек видны мелкие     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пузырьки,                  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | заполненные             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | серозной                   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | жидкостью, после     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | вскрытая которых      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | образуются афты.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Образование афт      |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | возможно на              |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слизистой оболочке   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | носа, глотки,             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | влагалища, уретры,   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | конъюнктиве.            |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Отмечаются резкие   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | боли при глотании,    |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | слюнотечение, отек   |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | языка, губ. Пузырьки |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | образуются на коже  |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | пальцев рук и ног.     |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | Заживление афт        |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | происходит в             |                                           |                                          |
|                                 |                                |                                    |                               |                                 | течение 3—5 дней     |                                           |                                          |
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Этиология и патогенез. Возбудителями И. б. являются бактерии, спирохеты, вирусы, риккетсии, микоплазмы, хламидии, грибки. Болезни, вызываемые простейшими, гельминтами, насекомыми и клещами, относятся к так называемым инвазионным, или паразитарным (см. Паразитарные болезни).
Непосредственной причиной возникновения И. б. является внедрение в организм человека патогенных возбудителей (иногда попадание, главным образом с пищей, их токсинов), с клетками и тканями которого они вступают во взаимодействие.
Заражение сопровождается развитием инфекционного процесса (см. Инфекция). Если инфекционный процесс сопровождается нарушением самочувствия, появлением клинических симптомов, это свидетельствует о развитии И. б. Специфичность развивающегося патологического процесса определяется прежде всего свойствами возбудителя, видоспецифическими факторами его патогенности (инвазивность, тропизм к определенным органам и тканям, набор токсинов и ферментов, антигенов, факторов, подавляющих защитные реакции организма и др.). Тяжесть течения, клинические особенности и исход инфекционной болезни в большей степени зависят от макроорганизма (генетических и физиологических особенностей, состояния иммунитета и неспецифических защитных механизмов, возраста). Социально-биологические факторы окружающей среды, воздействуя, с одной стороны, на вирулентность возбудителя, определяя условия заражения, инфицирующую дозу, с другой стороны, оказывают существенное влияние на специфическую и неспецифическую резистентность макроорганизма. Тем самым в процессе формирования инфекционного процесса и его крайней формы — И. б. неразрывно взаимодействуют все три компонента: микроорганизм, макроорганизм и окружающая среда.
Патогенез И. б. отражает основные этапы развития инфекционного процесса: внедрение и адаптацию возбудителя, его размножение, прорыв защитных барьеров и генерализацию инфекции, поражение органов и тканей, нарушение их функции, появление неспецифических защитных реакций (лихорадки (Лихорадка), воспаления (Воспаление)), сенсибилизацию организма компонентами микробной клетки (см. Аллергия), формирование специфического Иммунитета очищение организма от возбудителя, репарацию поврежденных органов и тканей и восстановление их функции. Однако не при всех И. б. выявляются все этапы и звенья патогенеза; значение их в патогенезе той или иной нозологической формы также различно. Так, например, при столбняке, ботулизме, возбудитель не проникает через местные защитные барьеры, и клинические проявления болезни обусловлены действием всасывающихся токсинов. Различна роль и аллергического компонента. При роже, скарлатине, бруцеллезе, брюшном тифе он играет важную роль в патогенезе и клинических проявлениях болезни; при дизентерии и холере его роль не существенна. Формирующийся иммунитет может быть длительным и прочным (например, при брюшном тифе, вирусном гепатите А, натуральной оспе, кори) либо кратковременным (например при гриппе, дизентерии). В ряде случаев иммунитет неполноценный, что может проявляться рецидивами, затяжным и хроническим течением инфекционного процесса. Наконец, при некоторых болезнях (например, при роже) иммунитет не формируется. При ряде И. б. развивается иммунопатология, приводящая к хроническому течению процесса (вирусный гепатит В, медленные инфекции нервной системы). В развитии хронического течения болезни важная роль принадлежит изменению свойств возбудителя в процессе И. б., в частности его L-трансформация (например, рожа, бруцеллез).
Циркуляция возбудителя и его токсинов, нарушение функционального состояния органов. повреждение тканей, накопление продуктов метаболизма, клеточного и тканевого распада приводят к развитию важнейшего клинического проявления И. б. — интоксикации (Интоксикация).
Восстановительно-репаративные процессы после перенесенной И. б. не всегда достаточно полноценны, поэтому часто развиваются постинфекционные хронические болезни и патологические состояния, например хронические Колиты после перенесенной дизентерии, хронические неспецифические заболевания легких после повторных острых респираторных вирусных инфекций, миокардиосклероз (см. Кардиосклероз) после инфекционных Миокардитов, контрактуры суставов после бруцеллеза, внутричерепной гипертензии (см. Гипертензия внутричерепная) после бактериального или вирусного менингита.
Патологическая анатомия. Основные сведения о патологической анатомии получены на основании данных аутопсии, изучения биопсийного материала и результатов эндоскопических исследований. Эти данные свидетельствуют о широком спектре морфологических изменений в тканях и органах. Некоторые из них неспецифичны, другие специфичны как по характеру изменений в тканях и органах, так и по локализации патологического процесса.
Например, для дизентерии характерно поражение остального отдела толстой кишки, для брюшного тифа — дистального отдела тонкой кишки, для инфекционного мононуклеоза — поражение лимфоидного аппарата, для менингитов — воспалительное поражение мозговых оболочек. Для ряда И. б. характерно наличие специфических воспалительных гранулем (эпидемический сыпной тиф, туберкулез). Многие морфологические изменения обусловлены присоединением осложнений (например, пневмония при гриппе).
Клиническая картина. Большинству И. б. свойственна цикличность развития, т.е. определенная последовательность появления, нарастания и исчезновения симптомов. например, появлению желтухи при вирусных гепатитах предшествует преджелтушный (продромальный) период, сыпь при эпидемическом сыпном тифе появляется на 4—6-й день болезни, при брюшном тифе — на 8—10-й день болезни. При пищевых токсикоинфекциях сначала появляется рвота, затем — диарея, при холере наоборот.
Различают следующие периоды развития болезни: инкубационный (скрытый), продромальный (начальный), основных проявлений болезни, угасания симптомов болезни (ранний период реконвалесценции), выздоровления (реконвалесценция).
Инкубационный период — промежуток времени от момента заражения до появления первых клин. симптомов болезни (см. Инкубационный период).
Продромальный, или начальный, период сопровождается общими проявлениями И. б.: недомоганием, часто ознобом, повышением температуры тела, головной болью, иногда тошнотой, небольшими мышечными и суставными болями, т.е. признаками болезни, не имеющими сколько-нибудь четких специфических проявлений. Продромальный период наблюдается не при всех И. б.; длится он обычно 1—2 сут.
Период основных проявлений болезни характеризуется возникновением наиболее существенных и специфических симптомов болезни, морфологических и биохимических изменений. В период основных проявлений болезни может наступить смерть больного, или болезнь переходит в следующий период.
Период угасания болезни характеризуется постепенным исчезновением основных симптомов. Нормализация температуры может происходить постепенно (лизис) или очень быстро, в течение нескольких часов (кризис). Кризис, часто наблюдаемый у больных сыпным тифом эпидемическим и возвратным тифом, нередко сопровождается значительными нарушениями функции сердечно-сосудистой системы, обильным потоотделением.
Период реконвалесценции начинается угасанием клинических симптомов. Его длительность широко варьирует даже при одной и той же болезни и зависит от формы болезни, тяжести течения, иммунологических особенностей организма, эффективности лечения. Клиническое выздоровление почти никогда не совпадает с полным морфологическим восстановлением повреждений, нередко затягивающимся на более продолжительное время.
Выздоровление может быть полным, когда все нарушенные функции восстанавливаются, или неполным, если сохраняются остаточные явления.
Помимо обострений и рецидивов в любой период И. б. могут развиться осложнения, которые условно можно разделить на специфические и неспецифические. Специфические осложнения возникают в результате действия возбудителя данной И. б. и являются следствием либо необычайной выраженности типичных клинических и морфологических проявлений заболевания (перфорация язв кишечника при брюшном тифе, печеночная кома при вирусном гепатите), либо атипичной локализации тканевых повреждений (например, сальмонеллезный эндокардит, отит при брюшном тифе). Осложнения, вызванные микроорганизмами другого вида, называют обычно вторичными инфекциями, вирусными или бактериальными суперинфекциями. От последних следует отличать реинфекции, представляющие собой повторные заболевания, возникающие после повторного заражения тем же возбудителем.
Различают также ранние и поздние осложнения. Ранние развиваются в периоде разгара болезни, поздние — в периоде угасания ее симптомов.
В зависимости от особенностей выделяют различные клинические формы И. б. По продолжительности различают острое, затяжное, подострое и хроническое течение болезни, причем в последнем случае оно может быть непрерывным и рецидивирующим. По тяжести течения возможны легкие, среднетяжелые, тяжелые и очень тяжелые формы болезни, причем степень тяжести определяется как выраженностью специфических симптомов, так и интоксикацией, поражением жизненно важных органов и наличием осложнений. При некоторых И. б. выделяют также гипертоксические, молниеносные (фульминантные), формы болезни, отражающие крайне быстрое развитие патологического процесса и его тяжелое течение. В зависимости от наличия и выраженности характерных симптомов принято различать типичное и атипичное течение болезни. При атипичном течении И. б. в клинической картине доминируют симптомы, не свойственные данному заболеванию, например при брюшном тифе преобладают симптомы пневмонии («пневмотиф»), или отсутствуют наиболее важные симптомы, например при менингите — менингеальный синдром. К атипичным формам И. б. относится также абортивное течение болезни (болезнь заканчивается до появления типичных симптомов, например брюшной тиф у вакцинированных) и стертое течение болезни (общие клинические проявления болезни слабо выражены и кратковременны, а характерные симптомы отсутствуют), например, при стертом течении полиомиелита отмечается лишь небольшая лихорадка и легкие катаральные явления, какие-либо признаки поражения нервной системы отсутствуют.
Наиболее характерные проявления И. б. — лихорадка и интоксикация. Наличие лихорадки типично для подавляющего большинства И. б., исключение составляют холера, ботулизм и некоторые другие. Лихорадка может отсутствовать при легком стертом и абортивном течении болезни. Многим И. б. свойственны определенные типы лихорадочных реакций; бруцеллезу — ремиттирующая, многим спирохетозам — возвратного типа и т.д. Интоксикация проявляется слабостью, снижением работоспособности, анорексией, нарушениями сна, головной болью, рвотой, бредом, нарушениями сознания, менингеальным синдромом, болями в мышцах, суставах, тахикардией, артериальной гипотензией.
Для большой группы И. б. характерно наличие сыпи (экзантемы), причем сроки ее появления, локализация, морфология, метаморфоз являются типичными для соответствующей И. б. Реже наблюдаются высыпания на слизистых оболочках (энантемы) глаз, зева, глотки, половых органов. При ряде трансмиссивных И. б. наблюдаются воспалительные изменения в месте внедрения возбудителя в кожу — первичный аффект, который может предшествовать другим клиническим симптомам болезни. К числу симптомов, наблюдаемых при ряде И. б., относится поражение лимфатической системы в виде увеличения отдельных групп лимфатических узлов (лимфаденит) или генерализованного увеличения трех и более групп лимфатических узлов (полиаденит). Поражение суставов в виде моно-, поли- и периартрита свойственно относительно немногим И. б. — бруцеллезу, псевдотуберкулезу, менингококковой инфекции и некоторым другим. Основным клиническим проявлением острых респираторных вирусных инфекций является катарально-респираторный синдром, который характеризуется кашлем, чиханьем, насморком, болями и першением в горле. Реже наблюдаются специфические пневмонии (например, при орнитозе, легионеллезе, Ку-лихорадке, микоплазмозе). Изменения со стороны сердечно-сосудистой системы в основном отражают степень выраженности интоксикации и тяжесть течения болезни, однако при некоторых И. б. поражение сердца (например, при дифтерии) или сосудов (при геморрагических лихорадках, эпидемическом сыпном тифе, менингококковой инфекции) являются характерными проявлениями болезни. Диспептические расстройства (боли в животе, понос, рвота, снижение аппетита) — наиболее типичный симптом острых кишечных инфекций; причем при разных кишечных инфекциях их проявления существенно различаются. Так, для гастроинтестинальной формы сальмонеллеза характерны боли в эпигастрии, частая рвота; при дизентерии боли локализуются в левой подвздошной области, характерен скудный слизисто-кровянистый стул. Одним из важных проявлений многих И. б., при которых наблюдается циркуляция возбудителя в крови, служит гепатолиенальный синдром — сочетанное увеличение печени и селезенки (брюшной тиф, эпидемический сыпной тиф, вирусные гепатиты, инфекционный мононуклеоз, бруцеллез, туляремия, лептоспироз и др.). Специфическое поражение почек наблюдается при лептоспирозе, геморрагической лихорадке с почечным синдромом; половых органов — при бруцеллезе, эпидемическом паротите, при других И. б. встречается редко.
Важное место в клинике И. б. занимает поражение ц.н.с. неспецифического (интоксикационного), специфического (токсического, например при столбняке, ботулизме) и воспалительного (например, при менингитах, менингоэнцефалитах, энцефалитах) характера. При этом наблюдаются нарушения сознания, судорожный и менингеальный синдром, очаговые симптомы поражения нервной системы. Специфические поражения периферической нервной системы (невриты, радикулиты, полиневриты, полирадикулоневриты) обычно наблюдаются при вирусных инфекциях, но могут иметь и токсическое происхождение (например, при дифтерии).
При обследовании инфекционных больных выявляют существенные сдвиги в картине крови, показателях обменных процессов, белкового, липидного, углеводного состава плазмы, обмена биологически активных веществ, которые отражают различные стороны патогенеза И. б. и их клинические проявления.
Диагноз основывается на жалобах больного, анамнезе болезни, эпидемиологическом анамнезе, результатах осмотра больного, данных лабораторных и инструментальных исследований. При первичном осмотре ставят предварительный диагноз, который определяет дальнейшую тактику обследования и проведения противоэпидемических мероприятий (изоляция больного, выявление лиц, с которыми общался больной, возможных источников возбудителя инфекции и механизма передачи инфекции). После получения результатов обследования больного и с учетом эпидемиологических данных устанавливают заключительный диагноз. В диагнозе указывается нозологическая форма, метод подтверждения диагноза, тяжесть и особенности течения болезни, его период, наличие осложнений и сопутствующих заболеваний. Например: «Брюшной тиф (гемокультура), тяжелое течение болезни, период разгара; осложнение — кишечное кровотечение; сопутствующее заболевание — сахарный диабет». Максимально точно сформулированный и подробный диагноз определяет терапевтическую тактику.
В ряде случаев, когда клинических данных недостаточно, а лабораторные исследования не позволяют установить этиологию болезни, допускается постановка синдромного диагноза (например, пищевая токсикоинфекция, острая респираторная вирусная инфекция).
Лечение больных И. б, должно быть комплексным и определяться диагнозом, т.е. исходить из этиологии, тяжести и других особенностей течения болезни, наличия осложнений и сопутствующих заболеваний, возраста и иммунологических особенностей организма больного. При этом объем лечебных мероприятий во избежание одновременного (нередко необоснованного) назначения множества лекарственных средств и лечебных процедур и непредсказуемых побочных эффектов должен быть ограничен необходимым в конкретном случае минимумом.
Основу лечения составляет этиотропная терапия: применение антибиотиков и химиопрепаратов, к терапевтическим концентрациям которых чувствительны возбудители соответствующих И. б. Чувствительность возбудителя к определенному лекарственному препарату является видовым свойством, поэтому препараты применяются исходя из вида возбудителя. Так, при брюшном тифе назначают левомицетин, при менингококковой инфекции — бензил-пенициллин, при риккетсиозах — препараты тетрациклинового ряда и т.д. Однако в связи с частой лекарственной устойчивостью ряда возбудителей, например стафилококка, необходимо стремиться выделить культуру возбудителя, определить его антибиотикограмму и, при отсутствии клинического эффекта от проводимой терапии, осуществить ее коррекцию. Этиотропную терапию нужно начинать в максимально ранние сроки и проводить с учетом локализации возбудителя в организме больного, особенностей патогенеза болезни, возраста больного, механизма действия и фармакокинетики препарата. На основании этих параметров определяются суточная доза, интервалы между введением разовых доз, путь введения и продолжительность курса лечения. В связи с тем, что антибиотики и химиопрепараты обладают рядом побочных эффектов (токсичность, угнетение иммуногенеза, репаративных процессов, сенсибилизирующее действие, развитие дисбактериоза), они должны применяться строго по показаниям. Так, не следует начинать лечение до установления диагноза или до взятия материала для бактериологического исследования, при неосложненном течении вирусных И. б. (гриппа, острой респираторной вирусной инфекции, вирусных менингитах и др.), при легком течении некоторых бактериальных инфекций (например, дизентерии), при наличии индивидуальной непереносимости. Лишь в отдельных случаях тяжелого течения И. б. в условиях стационара целесообразно применение этиотропных препаратов до уточнения диагноза.
Вторым важным направлением лечения И. б. является иммунотерапия, которая подразделяется на специфическую и неспецифическую. В качестве специфических иммунных препаратов используют антитоксические сыворотки (противостолбнячную, противоботулиническую, противодифтерийную и др.) и γ-глобулины, а также противомикробные сыворотки и γ-глобулины (противогриппозный, противокоревой, антистафилококковый и др.). Применяют также плазму иммунизированных доноров (антистафилококковую, антисинегнойную и др.). Эти препараты содержат готовые антитела против токсинов и самого возбудителя, т.е. создают пассивный иммунитет. Используются также в терапевтических целях и вакцинные препараты (анатоксины, корпускулярные убитые вакцины). В качестве специфического метода лечения предпринимались попытки фаготерапии (Фаготерапия), которая оказалась эффективной лишь в ряде случаев при стафилококковой инфекции.
Неспецифическая иммунотерапия включает использование неспецифических препаратов иммуноглобулина (нормальный человеческий иммуноглобулин, полиоглобулин), а также препаратов, оказывающих воздействие на иммунную систему организм), (иммуностимуляторы, иммуномодуляторы, иммуносупрессоры), например Т- и В-активин, левамизол, нуклеинат натрия, пентоксил, метилурацил, кортикостероиды и др.
В лечении тяжелых форм И. б. важное место занимает патогенетическая синдромальная терапия, включая использование методов интенсивной терапии (Интенсивная терапия) и реанимации (Реанимация). Большое значение имеет детоксикация, которую проводят путем введения коллоидных и кристаллоидных растворов с одновременным форсированием диуреза салуретиками. В тяжелых случаях применяют методы экстракорпоральной детоксикации — плазмаферез (см. Плазмаферез, Цитаферез), гемосорбцию (Гемосорбция), Гемодиализ. При наличии синдрома обезвоживания (см. Обезвоживание организма) проводится регидратационная терапия. Комплексная патогенетическая терапия показана при развитии инфекционно-токсического шока (Инфекционно-токсический шок), тромбогеморрагического синдрома (Тромбогеморрагический синдром), отека головного мозга (Отёк головного мозга), судорожного синдрома, острой дыхательной недостаточности (Дыхательная недостаточность), сердечно-сосудистой недостаточности, тяжелой органной недостаточности (острая Почечная недостаточность и печеночная недостаточность (Печёночная недостаточность)). В этих случаях применяют такие методы, как искусственная вентиляция легких (Искусственная вентиляция лёгких), Гипербарическая оксигенация и др.
Используются препараты, воздействующие на отдельные патогенетические механизмы И. б. например при гипертермии — жаропонижающие средства, при диарее — ингибиторы синтеза простагландинов, при аллергии — антигистаминные препараты и т.д. Большое значение имеет рациональное полноценное питание, обогащенное витаминами. При назначении диеты учитывается патогенез болезни. Так, при дизентерии — колитическая диета, при вирусных гепатитах — печеночная. В тяжелых случаях, когда больные не могут самостоятельно принимать пищу (кома, парез глотательных мышц, глубокая нарушения всасывания и переваривания пищи), используют зондовое питание специальными смесями (энпитами), парентеральное питание и смешанное энтерально-парентеральное питание.
Соблюдение необходимого режима, уход за кожей и слизистыми оболочками, контроль за физиологическими отправлениями также имеют важное значение для исхода болезни. По индивидуальным показаниям применяются методы физио- и бальнеотерапии, а для лечения остаточных явлений — санаторно-курортное лечение. После ряда И. б. (например, нейроинфекций, вирусных гепатитов, бруцеллеза) больные находятся на диспансерном наблюдении вплоть до полного выздоровления и трудовой реабилитации. В отдельных случаях устанавливается как временная мера группа инвалидности, в редких случаях наблюдается стойкая инвалидизация.
Прогноз при подавляющем большинстве И. б. благоприятный. Однако при несвоевременной диагностике, неправильной терапевтической тактике возможен неблагоприятный исход, выздоровление с остаточными явлениями и неблагоприятными отдаленными последствиями. В ряде случаев неблагоприятный исход при И. б. может быть обусловлен молниеносным течением болезни (например, менингококковой инфекции), а также отсутствием эффективных методов лечения (например, при ВИЧ-инфекции, геморрагических лихорадках и некоторых других вирусных болезнях).
Профилактика. Мероприятия по борьбе с И. б. разделяют на санитарно-профилактические (см. Санитарно-профилактические мероприятия), проводимые независимо от наличия инфекционной заболеваемости, и противоэпидемические (см. Противоэпидемические мероприятия), которые проводят при возникновении И. б. Обе группы мероприятий осуществляют в трех направлениях: обезвреживание, устранение (изоляция) источника возбудителя инфекции, а при зоонозах — также обезвреживание источника возбудителя инфекции либо снижение численности или уничтожение, например грызунов; пресечение механизма передачи возбудителя инфекции, воздействие на пути и факторы передачи возбудителей; создание невосприимчивости населения к данной И. б. (см. Иммунизация).
Статистика. В СССР статистика И. б. регламентирована официальной системой регистрации, учета и отчетности лечебно-профилактических учреждений и органов здравоохранения. На территории СССР обязательной регистрации подлежат заболевания брюшным тифом, паратифом А, В, сальмонеллезами, бруцеллезом, дизентерией, вирусными гепатитами, скарлатиной, дифтерией, коклюшем (включая бактериологически подтвержденный паракоклюш), гриппом, аденовирусными и менингококковой инфекциями, корью, ветряной оспой, эпидемическим паротитом, орнитозом, сыпным тифом и прочими риккетсиозами, малярией, энцефалитами, геморрагическими лихорадками, туляремией, бешенством, столбняком, сибирской язвой, лептоспирозом, ВИЧ-инфекцией и др. И. б. регистрируются по месту обнаружения (обращения) больного, а не по месту его жительства или предполагаемого заражения. Основной регистрационный документ — экстренное извещение (см. Противоэпидемические мероприятия). Этот первичный документ заполняется и отсылается медработником, выявившим или заподозрившим И. б. (кроме гриппа и острых респираторных вирусных инфекций) в течение 12 ч в соответствующую территориальную санитарно-эпидемиологическую станцию (Санитарно-эпидемиологическая станция). Диагноз формулируется согласно действующей номенклатуре болезней. Экстренное извещение направляется и во всех случаях острых отравлений, при выявлении новых носителей плазмодиев малярии и бактерионосителей брюшного тифа, паратифов, дизентерии и дифтерии. Кроме того, выявленные случаи И. б. вносят так же в «Журнал регистрации инфекционных болезней» (форма № 60-леч.), который ведется в лечебно-профилактических учреждениях. При изменении первоначального диагноза (или его уточнении) лечебно-профилактическое учреждение посылает соответствующее извещение в СЭС.
Больничные учреждения посылают экстренные извещения только на тех поступивших инфекционных больных, которые миновали другие лечебно-профилактические учреждения, в также при изменении или уточнении первоначального диагноза и на заболевших непосредственно в больнице. На основании получаемых экстренных извещений в городских и районных СЭС ведутся пофамильные списки больных (форма № 60-СЭС).
На основании данных «Журнала регистрации инфекционных болезней» и статистических талонов для регистрации заключительных (уточненных) диагнозов (форма № 25-B) лечебно-профилактические учреждения системы МЗ СССР второго числа следующего за отчетным месяца представляют в СЭС месячный отчет о движении инфекционных больных (форма №85-леч.).
В отчет включаются только больные с окончательно установленным диагнозом. Помимо данных о заболеваемости И. б., подлежащими обязательной регистрации, в отчете содержатся дополнительные сведения о числе выявленных за отчетный период бактерионосителей дизентерии, брюшного тифа, паратифов А, В, дифтерии (в т.ч. токсическим штаммом) и паразитоносителей малярии.
По данным отчетов по форме № 85-леч., экстренных извещений и журналов по форме М60-СЭС, районные (городские) СЭС составляют месячные отчеты (форма №85-СЭС), которые не позднее пятого числа месяца, следующего за отчетным, пересылают в областную (краевую), а при отсутствии областного деления — в республиканскую СЭС. Областные (краевые) и республиканские СЭС на основании отчетов, полученных от районных и городских СЭС, составляют сводный отчет по области (краю) или АССР и представляют его в статистическое управление области (края, АССР) и в министерство здравоохранения сон иной республики, последние — в МЗ СССР.
Сводные данные о заболеваемости И. б. и смертности от них в различных странах мира публикуются ВОЗ в ежегодниках мировой санитарной статистики.
Организация помощи при инфекционных болезнях включает широкий круг лечебно-диагностических, санитарно-профилактических мероприятий (Санитарно-профилактические мероприятия) и противоэпидемических мероприятий (Противоэпидемические мероприятия), осуществляемых на дому, в поликлинике, инфекционных отделениях многопрофильных больниц и в специализированных инфекционных больницах.
Осуществление ранней диагностики И. б. и оказание первой врачебной помощи больным являются обязанностью участкового врача-терапевта, работающего в тесном содружестве с врачом-инфекционистом кабинета инфекционных заболеваний поликлиники, а также участкового педиатра и врачей дошкольных и школьных детских учреждений.
Больные многими И. б. подлежат обязательной госпитализации (Госпитализация). Помощь больным гриппом и другими острыми респираторными вирусными инфекциями, пищевыми токсикоинфекциями, дизентерией, корью, ветряной оспой, краснухой, эпидемическим паротитом и некоторыми другими инфекциями при легком и неосложненном течении болезни осуществляется обычно на дому.
Методическую работу по ранней диагностике инфекционных и паразитарных болезней. своевременной госпитализации больных и диспансеризации переболевших на врачебном участке возглавляет и организует врач кабинета инфекционных заболеваний (Кабинет инфекционных заболеваний) поликлиники.
Функция главных внештатных инфекционистов и паразитологов города, области, края, республики возлагается на наиболее опытных и авторитетных врачей-инфекционистов клин инфекционных больниц, руководителей профильных кафедр медицинских институтов и клинических отделов НИИ эпидемиологии, микробиологии и паразитологии.
Помощь некоторым группам инфекционных больных, нуждающихся в оказании неотложной терапии и применении методов интенсивного наблюдения, оказывается в отделениях и центрах реанимации, интенсивной терапии, организуемых на базе крупных больниц. Такие подразделения созданы для лечения больных менингококковой инфекцией, ботулизмом, столбняком, геморрагической лихорадкой с почечным синдромом и др.
В ряде союзных республик имеются центры по углубленному изучению инфекционных и паразитарных болезней и оказанию специализированной лечебно-диагностической помощи больным, например Латвийский гепатологический центр (Рига), Грузинский противосепсисный центр (Тбилиси), лаборатория по изучению ВИЧ-инфекции при ЦНИИ эпидемиологии МЗ СССР, Всесоюзный токсоплазмозный центр (Москва) и др.
См. так же Дезинсекция, Дезинфекция, Дератизация, Изоляция инфекционных больных.
Библиогр.: Балш М.Г. Введение в учение об инфекционных болезнях пер. с румын., Бухарест. 1961; Билибин А.Ф. Семиотика и диагностика инфекционных болезней, М., 1950; Войно-Ясенецкий М.В. Биология и патология инфекционных процессов, М., 1981; Громишевский Л.В. Общая эпидемиология, М., 1965; Киселев П.Н. Токсикология инфекционных процессов, Л., 1971; Многотомное руководство по микробиологии, клинике и эпидемиологии инфекционных болезней, под ред. Н.Н. Жукова-Вережникова, т. 1—10, М., 1962—1968; Петров P.В. Иммунология, М., 1982; Руководство по инфекционным болезням, под ред. В.И. Покровского и К.М. Лобана. М., 1986; Шувалова Е.П. Инфекционные болезни, М., 1982.

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